Touch Sensor Mesh Designs

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a touch sensor includes a substrate and a mesh of conductive material formed on the substrate and configured to extend across a display. The mesh of conductive material comprises first lines of conductive material that are substantially parallel to each other. The first lines are configured to extend across at least a portion of the display at a first angle relative to a first axis. The first lines are separated from each other along the first axis by a sequence of separation distances. Magnitudes of more than one of the separation distances are based on a phasor comprising at least one side band, wherein the at least one side band comprises at least one positive side band component and at least one negative side band component. The magnitudes comprise a pattern of translational shifts.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/178,886, filed Nov. 2, 2018, entitled TouchSensor Mesh Designs, which is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 ofU.S. application Ser. No. 15/209,388, filed Jul. 13, 2016, entitledTouch Sensor Mesh Designs, which claims benefit of ProvisionalApplication No. 62/328,924, filed Apr. 28, 2016, entitled “Touch SensorMesh Designs,” incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to touch sensors.

According to an example scenario, a touch sensor detects the presenceand position of an object (e.g., a user's finger or a stylus) within atouch-sensitive area of touch sensor array overlaid on a display screen,for example. In a touch-sensitive-display application, a touch sensorarray allows a user to interact directly with what is displayed on thescreen, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touch pad. A touch sensormay be attached to or provided as part of a desktop computer, laptopcomputer, tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone,satellite navigation device, portable media player, portable gameconsole, kiosk computer, point-of-sale device, or other device. Acontrol panel on a household or other appliance may include a touchsensor.

There are a number of different types of touch sensors, such as forexample resistive touch sensors, surface acoustic wave touch sensors,and capacitive touch sensors. In one example, when an object physicallytouches a touch screen within a touch sensitive area of a touch sensorof the touch screen (e.g., by physically touching a cover layeroverlaying a touch sensor array of the touch sensor) or comes within adetection distance of the touch sensor (e.g., by hovering above thecover layer overlaying the touch sensor array of the touch sensor), achange in capacitance may occur within the touch screen at a position ofthe touch sensor of the touch screen that corresponds to the position ofthe object within the touch sensitive area of the touch sensor. A touchsensor controller processes the change in capacitance to determine theposition of the change of capacitance within the touch sensor (e.g.,within a touch sensor array of the touch sensor).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates an example touch sensor with an example touch-sensorcontroller, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example dual-layer mechanical stack 19 for atouch sensor 11, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example portion of an example display thatincludes example pixels and sub-pixels, according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates the example portion of an example display thatincludes example pixels and sub-pixels, with example conductive linesoverlying the example portion of an example display, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example mesh design overlying an example portionof an example display, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example mesh design utilizing a phasor modulationtechnique overlying an example portion of an example display, accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example single-layer touch sensor mesh designutilizing a phasor modulation technique overlying an example portion ofan example display, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C illustrate examples of phasors for a mesh designutilizing phasor modulation, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates examples of frequency distributions achieved usingsingle layer modulation with various example phasors, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates examples of frequency distributions achieved usingsingle layer modulation with various example phasors and suppressedcarriers, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method for forming one or more electrodesof a touch sensor, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example method for forming one or more touchsensors, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example computer system, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

An embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to reducing oreliminating the appearance of one or more moiré-pattern effectsresulting from the optical interaction of mesh pattern touch sensors andoptical display devices. In one example, a moiré pattern refers to asecondary and visually evident superimposed pattern that can result froma touch-sensor repeated/periodic mesh pattern being overlaid over arepeating pixel pattern of a display. The appearance of a moiré-patterneffect may be caused by one or more features of a touch sensor thatcause perceivable differences in the intensity of light and color fromthe display.

In one example, a touch-sensor mesh pattern, at least in part, changesthe intensity of perceivable light and color of a display and therebycauses a moiré-pattern effect to appear when the touch sensor anddisplay are used in combination. More specifically, a mesh patternincluding a repeating pattern of conductive lines that are superimposedonto a repeating pattern of pixels or sub-pixels of the display (asshown, for example, in FIG. 4), and, in one example, the superimpositionof the mesh pattern on the display results in various conductive linesof the mesh pattern passing over and/or through at least some portion ofone or more sub-pixels of the display. The superimposition of conductivelines, including opaque or semi-opaque materials for example, over thedisplay elements can obstruct or occlude light from the pixels beneaththe conductive lines. When the mesh pattern and the pixels of thedisplay are constructed according to regular patterns, for example, thepattern of obstructed light caused by the conductive lines can result ina visible and/or noticeable pattern to a user viewing the display. Toillustrate, particular pixels or sub-pixels may be intersected by longerand/or shorter sections of the conductive lines, which can result inparticular pixels or sub-pixels intersected by shorter lengths ofconductive lines resulting in less occlusion (i.e., the pixel orsub-pixel will be brighter), while other pixels or sub-pixels areintersected by longer sections of the conductive lines resulting in moreocclusion (i.e., the pixels or sub-pixels will be dimmer). and whileother pixels or sub-pixels are not intersected by a conductive line atall and thus are not occluded. In one example, the repeating nature ofconductive lines and pixels results in particular frequencies associatedwith the pixels having similar occlusion levels.

An embodiment of the present disclosure recognizes that the naked eye iscapable of discerning particular low frequency moiré patterns betterthan high frequency moiré patterns. An embodiment of the presentdisclosure relates to construction of the mesh pattern and alignment ofthe mesh pattern with the underlying display elements (e.g., pixels andsub-pixels) such that low frequency moiré effects are reduced oreliminated.

In one example, integration of sub pixel colors occurs at frequenciessufficiently high that the naked eye has difficulty distinguishing (theeye is an integrator itself). Mesh pitches which afford the fastestpossible integration periods may be unstable with regard to particularmanufacturing tolerances. For example, particular manufacturingprocesses have tolerances that result in, for example, a mesh patternthat departs in some way from the design and/or is not precisely alignedwith the pixels and/or sub-pixels of the underlying display. Thesemanufacturing processes can introduce systemic errors that result inlow-frequency patterns, thus resulting in a manufactured product thatdeparts from the intended design in a way that introduces low frequencymoiré patterns.

An embodiment of the present disclosure relates to designing meshpatterns that account for variance in manufacturing tolerances and yetstill reduce or eliminate the frequency moiré patterns while preservingoptical performance. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, aphasor modulation pattern is applied to a pitch of at least one of thesets of conductive lines in the mesh pattern of the touch sensor. In oneexample, modulation of the first of the sets of conductive lines allowsattenuation of low frequency moiré patterns, thus stabilizing thegeometry instability that may be introduced in the manufacturingprocess. This modulation may allow for other sets of the conductivelines to remain unmodulated and thereby remain in phase with the pixelsof the display. In an embodiment, these techniques allow for improvedcolor integration and mitigation of low frequency moiré patterns.

In one embodiment, a touch sensor includes a substrate and a mesh ofconductive material formed on the substrate and configured to extendacross a display. The mesh includes first lines of conductive materialthat are substantially parallel to each other. The first lines extendacross at least a portion of the display at a first angle relative to afirst axis. The first lines are separated from each other along thefirst axis by a sequence of separation distances having correspondingmagnitudes, where magnitudes of more than one separation distance fromamong the sequence of separation distances are based on a phasor step 9and a phasor magnitude of at least one phasor.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example system 10 that includes a touch sensor11, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Touch sensor11 includes touch sensor array 12 and touch sensor controller 13. Touchsensor array 12 and touch sensor controller 13 detect the presence andposition of a touch or the proximity of an object within atouch-sensitive area of touch sensor array 12.

Touch sensor array 12 includes one or more touch-sensitive areas. In oneembodiment, touch sensor array 12 includes an array of electrodesdisposed on one or more substrates, wherein one or more of suchsubstrates may be made of a dielectric material.

In one embodiment, an electrode is an area of conductive materialforming a shape, such as for example a disc, square, rectangle, thinline, other shape, or a combination of these shapes. One or more cuts inone or more layers of conductive material (at least in part) create theshape of an electrode, and the area of the shape is (at least in part)bounded by those cuts. In one embodiment, the conductive material of anelectrode occupies approximately 100% of the area of its shape. Forexample, an electrode may be made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and the ITOof the electrode can occupy approximately 100% of the area of its shape(sometimes referred to as 100% fill). In one embodiment, the conductivematerial of an electrode occupies less than 100% of the area of itsshape. For example, an electrode may be made of fine lines of metal orother conductive material (FLM), such as for example copper, silver, ora copper- or silver-based material, and the fine lines of conductivematerial may occupy approximately 5% of the area of its shape in ahatched, mesh, or other pattern. Reference to FLM encompasses suchmaterial. Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particularelectrodes made of particular conductive material forming particularshapes with particular fill percentages having particular patterns, thisdisclosure contemplates, in any combination, electrodes made of otherconductive materials forming other shapes with other fill percentageshaving other patterns.

The shapes of the electrodes (or other elements) of a touch sensor array12 constitute, in whole or in part, one or more macro-features of touchsensor array 12. One or more characteristics of the implementation ofthose shapes (such as, for example, the conductive materials, fills, orpatterns within the shapes) constitute in whole or in part one or moremicro-features of touch sensor array 12. In an embodiment, one or moremacro-features of a touch sensor array 12 determine one or morecharacteristics of its functionality, and one or more micro-features oftouch sensor array 12 determine one or more optical features of touchsensor array 12, such as transmittance, refraction, or reflection.

Although this disclosure describes a number of example electrodes, thepresent disclosure is not limited to these example electrodes and otherelectrodes can be implemented. Additionally, although this disclosuredescribes a number of example embodiments that include particularconfigurations of particular electrodes forming particular nodes, thepresent disclosure is not limited to these example embodiments and otherconfigurations can be implemented. In one embodiment, a number ofelectrodes are disposed on the same or different surfaces of the samesubstrate. Additionally or alternatively, different electrodes may bedisposed on different substrates. Although this disclosure describes anumber of example embodiments that include particular electrodesarranged in specific, example patterns, the present disclosure is notlimited to these example patterns and other electrode patterns can beimplemented.

A mechanical stack contains the substrate (or multiple substrates) andthe conductive material forming the electrodes of touch sensor array 12.For example, in an embodiment, the mechanical stack includes a firstlayer of optically clear adhesive (OCA) beneath a cover panel. The coverpanel is, for example, clear (or substantially clear) and made of aresilient material for repeated touching, such as for example glass,polycarbonate, or poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This disclosurecontemplates a cover panel being made of any clear, or substantiallyclear, material. In an embodiment, the first layer of OCA is disposedbetween the cover panel and the substrate with the conductive materialforming the electrodes. The mechanical stack also includes, for example,a second layer of OCA and a dielectric layer (which is made of PET oranother material, similar to the substrate with the conductive materialforming the electrodes). As an alternative, a thin coating of adielectric material may be applied instead of the second layer of OCAand the dielectric layer. The second layer of OCA in an embodiment isdisposed between the substrate with the conductive material making upthe electrodes and the dielectric layer, and the dielectric layer isdisposed between the second layer of OCA and an air gap to a display ofa device including touch sensor array 12 and touch sensor controller 13.For example, the cover panel may have a thickness of approximately 1millimeter (mm); the first layer of OCA may have a thickness ofapproximately 0.05 mm; the substrate with the conductive materialforming the electrodes may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm;the second layer of OCA may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm;and the dielectric layer may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm.

Although this disclosure describes a particular mechanical stack with aparticular number of particular layers made of particular materials andhaving particular thicknesses, this disclosure contemplates othermechanical stacks with any number of layers made of any materials andhaving any thicknesses. For example, in one embodiment, a layer ofadhesive or dielectric replaces the dielectric layer, second layer ofOCA, and air gap described above, with there being no air gap in thedisplay.

In an embodiment, one or more portions of the substrate of touch sensorarray 12 is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or anothermaterial. This disclosure contemplates any substrate with portions madeof any material(s). In one embodiment, one or more electrodes in touchsensor array 12 are made of ITO in whole or in part. Additionally oralternatively, one or more electrodes in touch sensor array 12 are madeof fine lines of metal or other conductive material. For example, one ormore portions of the conductive material may be copper or copper-basedand have a thickness of approximately 5 microns (μm) or less and a widthof approximately 10 μm or less. As another example, one or more portionsof the conductive material may be silver or silver-based and similarlyhave a thickness of approximately 5 μm or less and a width ofapproximately 10 μm or less. This disclosure contemplates any electrodesmade of any electrically-conductive materials.

In one embodiment, touch sensor array 12 implements a capacitive form oftouch sensing. In a mutual-capacitance implementation, touch sensorarray 12 includes, for example, an array of drive and sense electrodesforming an array of capacitive nodes. A drive electrode and a senseelectrode form a capacitive node. The drive and sense electrodes formingthe capacitive node are positioned near each other but do not makeelectrical contact with each other. Instead, in response to a signalbeing applied to the drive electrodes for example, the drive and senseelectrodes capacitively couple to each other across a space betweenthem. A pulsed or alternating voltage applied to the drive electrode (bytouch sensor controller 13) induces a charge on the sense electrode, andthe amount of charge induced is susceptible to external influence (suchas a touch or the proximity of an object). When an object touches orcomes within proximity of the capacitive node, a change in capacitanceoccurs at the capacitive node and touch sensor controller 13 measuresthe change in capacitance. By measuring changes in capacitancethroughout the array, touch sensor controller 13 determines the positionof the touch or proximity within touch-sensitive areas of touch sensorarray 12.

In a self-capacitance implementation, touch sensor array 12 includes,for example, an array of electrodes of a single type that may each forma capacitive node. When an object touches or comes within proximity ofthe capacitive node, a change in self-capacitance may occur at thecapacitive node and touch sensor controller 13 measures the change incapacitance, for example, as a change in the amount of chargeimplemented to raise the voltage at the capacitive node by apredetermined amount. As with a mutual-capacitance implementation, bymeasuring changes in capacitance throughout the array, touch sensorcontroller 13 determines the position of the touch or proximity withintouch-sensitive areas of touch sensor array 12. This disclosurecontemplates any form of capacitive touch sensing.

In one embodiment, one or more drive electrodes together form a driveline running horizontally or vertically or in other orientations.Similarly, in one embodiment, one or more sense electrodes together forma sense line running horizontally or vertically or in otherorientations. As one particular example, drive lines run substantiallyperpendicular to the sense lines. Reference to a drive line mayencompass one or more drive electrodes making up the drive line, andvice versa. Reference to a sense line encompasses, for example, one ormore sense electrodes making up the sense line, and vice versa.

In one embodiment, touch sensor array 12 includes drive and senseelectrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a single substrate. Insuch a configuration, a pair of drive and sense electrodes capacitivelycoupled to each other across a space between them form a capacitivenode. As an example self-capacitance implementation, electrodes of asingle type are disposed in a pattern on a single substrate. In additionor as an alternative to having drive and sense electrodes disposed in apattern on one side of a single substrate, touch sensor array 12 mayhave drive electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a substrateand sense electrodes disposed in a pattern on another side of thesubstrate. Moreover, touch sensor array 12 may have drive electrodesdisposed in a pattern on one side of one substrate and sense electrodesdisposed in a pattern on one side of another substrate. In suchconfigurations, an intersection of a drive electrode and a senseelectrode forms a capacitive node. Such an intersection is a positionwhere the drive electrode and the sense electrode “cross” or comenearest each other in their respective planes. The drive and senseelectrodes do not make electrical contact with each other—instead theyare capacitively coupled to each other across a dielectric at theintersection. Although this disclosure describes particularconfigurations of particular electrodes forming particular nodes, thisdisclosure contemplates other configurations of electrodes formingnodes. Moreover, this disclosure contemplates other electrodes disposedon any number of substrates in any patterns.

As described above, in an embodiment, a change in capacitance at acapacitive node of touch sensor array 12 indicates a touch or proximityinput at the position of the capacitive node. Touch sensor controller 13detects and processes the change in capacitance to determine thepresence and position of the touch or proximity input. In oneembodiment, touch sensor controller 13 then communicates informationabout the touch or proximity input to one or more other components (suchas one or more central processing units (CPUs)) of a device thatincludes touch sensor array 12 and touch sensor controller 13, whichresponds to the touch or proximity input by initiating a function of thedevice (or an application running on the device). Although thisdisclosure describes a particular touch sensor controller 13 havingparticular functionality with respect to a particular device and aparticular touch sensor 11, this disclosure contemplates other touchsensor controllers having any functionality with respect to any deviceand any touch sensor.

In one embodiment, touch sensor controller 13 is implemented as one ormore integrated circuits (ICs), such as for example general-purposemicroprocessors, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices or arrays,application-specific ICs (ASICs). Touch sensor controller 13 includesany combination of analog circuitry, digital logic, and digitalnon-volatile memory. In one embodiment, touch sensor controller 13 isdisposed on a flexible printed circuit (FPC) bonded to the substrate oftouch sensor array 12, as described below. The FPC is active or passive.In one embodiment, multiple touch sensor controllers 13 are disposed onthe FPC.

In an example implementation, touch sensor controller 13 includes aprocessor unit, a drive unit, a sense unit, and a storage unit. In suchan implementation, the drive unit supplies drive signals to the driveelectrodes of touch sensor array 12, and the sense unit senses charge atthe capacitive nodes of touch sensor array 12 and provides measurementsignals to the processor unit representing capacitances at thecapacitive nodes. The processor unit controls the supply of drivesignals to the drive electrodes by the drive unit and processesmeasurement signals from the sense unit to detect and process thepresence and position of a touch or proximity input withintouch-sensitive areas of touch sensor array 12. In an embodiment, theprocessor unit also tracks changes in the position of a touch orproximity input within touch-sensitive areas of touch sensor array 12.The storage unit stores programming for execution by the processor unit,including programming for controlling the drive unit to supply drivesignals to the drive electrodes, programming for processing measurementsignals from the sense unit, and other programming. Although thisdisclosure describes a particular touch sensor controller 13 having aparticular implementation with particular components, this disclosurecontemplates touch sensor controller having other implementations withother components.

Tracks 14 of conductive material disposed on the substrate of touchsensor array 12 couple the drive or sense electrodes of touch sensorarray 12 to connection pads 16, also disposed on the substrate of touchsensor array 12. As described below, connection pads 16 facilitatecoupling of tracks 14 to touch sensor controller 13. Tracks 14 extendinto or around (e.g., at the edges of) touch-sensitive areas of touchsensor array 12. In one embodiment, particular tracks 14 provide driveconnections for coupling touch sensor controller 13 to drive electrodesof touch sensor array 12, through which the drive unit of touch sensorcontroller 13 supplies drive signals to the drive electrodes, and othertracks 14 provide sense connections for coupling touch sensor controller13 to sense electrodes of touch sensor array 12, through which the senseunit of touch sensor controller 13 senses charge at the capacitive nodesof touch sensor array 12.

Tracks 14 are made of fine lines of metal or other conductive material.For example, the conductive material of tracks 14 may be copper orcopper-based and have a width of approximately 100 μm or less. Asanother example, the conductive material of tracks 14 may be silver orsilver-based and have a width of approximately 100 μm or less. In oneembodiment, tracks 14 are made of ITO in whole or in part in addition oras an alternative to the fine lines of metal or other conductivematerial. Although this disclosure describes particular tracks made ofparticular materials with particular widths, this disclosurecontemplates tracks made of other materials and/or other widths. Inaddition to tracks 14, in an embodiment, touch sensor array 12 includesone or more ground lines terminating at a ground connector (which can bea connection pad 16) at an edge of the substrate of touch sensor array12 (similar to tracks 14).

Connection pads 16, in an embodiment, are located along one or moreedges of the substrate, outside a touch-sensitive area of touch sensorarray 12. As described above, in an embodiment, touch sensor controller13 is on an FPC. Connection pads 16 are, for example, made of the samematerial as tracks 14 and are bonded to the FPC using an anisotropicconductive film (ACF). In one embodiment, connection 18 includesconductive lines on the FPC coupling touch sensor controller 13 toconnection pads 16, in turn coupling touch sensor controller 13 totracks 14 and to the drive or sense electrodes of touch sensor array 12.In another embodiment, connection pads 16 are connected to anelectro-mechanical connector (such as, for example, a zero insertionforce wire-to-board connector). Connection 18 can include an FPC. Thisdisclosure contemplates any connection 18 between touch sensorcontroller 13 and touch sensor array 12.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example dual-layer mechanical stack 19 for atouch sensor 11, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.In the example embodiment of FIG. 1B, the mechanical stack 19 includesmultiple layers and is illustrated as positioned with respect to az-axis. The example mechanical stack 19 includes a display 19E (e.g., adisplay portion 20 of FIG. 2), a second conductive layer 19D, asubstrate 19C, a first conductive layer 19B, and a cover layer 19A. Inan embodiment, the second conductive layer 19D and first conductivelayer 19B are drive and sense electrodes, respectively, as discussedabove in connection with FIG. 1A. In an embodiment, the secondconductive layer 19D and first conductive layer 19B are meshes (of, forexample, conductive lines) as described in this disclosure. In anembodiment, the second conductive layer 19D and first conductive layer19B are conductive lines (e.g., conductive lines 50 and 52). Substrate19C includes, in an embodiment, a material which electrically isolatesthe first and second conductive layers. In an embodiment, substrate 19Cprovides mechanical support for other layers. In an embodiment,additional layers of substrate (which, for example, may not be the samematerial as substrate 19C) may be used in different configurations. Forexample, a second substrate layer may be located between secondconductive layer 19D and display 19E. The display 19E provides displayinformation to be viewed by a user. Cover layer 19A may be clear, orsubstantially clear, and made of a resilient material for repeatedtouching, such as for example glass, polycarbonate, or poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). In an embodiment, a transparent orsemi-transparent adhesive layer is placed between cover layer 19A andfirst conductive layer 19B, and/or between second conductive layer 19Dand display 19E. A user may interact with touch sensor 11 by touchingcover layer 19A using a finger or some other touch object (such as astylus). A user may also interact with touch sensor 11 by hovering afinger or some other touch object over cover layer 19A without actuallymaking physical contact with cover layer 19A. In the example embodimentof FIG. 1B, mechanical stack 19 comprises two conductive layers forming,for example, a dual-layer mesh. In an embodiment, mechanical stack 19may comprise a single conductive layer forming, for example, asingle-layer mesh. Other embodiments of mechanical stack 19 mayimplement other configurations, relations, and perspectives, as well asfewer or additional layers.

In an embodiment, mechanical stack 19 comprises a combination ofconductive mesh and ITO layers, where, for example, one of firstconductive layer 19B and second conductive layer 19D is a conductivelayer mesh, and the other is ITO. In this embodiment, the conductivelayer mesh acts as a single-layer mesh, and, in an embodiment, the ITOlayer may transmit and/or receive signals. In this embodiment, only onelayer, for example the conductive mesh layer, may be modulated accordingto this disclosure (as discussed in more detail below).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example portion 20 of an example display thatincludes example pixels 22 and sub-pixels 24, according to an embodimentof the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a touch sensor is overlaidon the display to implement a touch-sensitive display device. As anexample, the display underneath the touch sensor may be a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LEDdisplay, an LED backlight LCD, an electrophoretic display, a plasmadisplay, or other display. Although this disclosure describes andillustrates particular display types, this disclosure contemplates anyother display types.

Portion 20 includes an array of pixels 22. In the example of FIG. 2,each pixel 22 includes three sub-pixels 24. In an embodiment, eachsub-pixel 24 corresponds to a particular color, such as for example red,green, or blue. For example, each sub-pixel is configured to emit lighthaving a wavelength associated with a particular color. The area of apixel 22 (which may include dead space as described below) is indicatedby the dashed-line border that encompasses sub-pixels 24H, 24I, and 24Jin FIG. 2, where each sub-pixel corresponds, in one example, to thecolor red, green, or blue, respectively. The combined output ofsub-pixels 24 determines the color and intensity of each pixel 22.Although this disclosure describes and illustrates example pixels 22with a particular number of sub-pixels 24 having particular colors, thisdisclosure contemplates other pixels with other numbers of sub-pixelshaving other colors.

In an embodiment, pixels 22 and sub-pixels 24 are arranged in arepeating pattern along a horizontal axis 28 and a vertical axis 32 thatare substantially perpendicular to each other. In one example,horizontal axis 28 is referred to as an x-axis or a first axis, andvertical axis 32 is referred to as a y-axis or a second axis. Althoughthis disclosure describes and illustrates horizontal and vertical axes,this disclosure contemplates other axes having other orientations.Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particularaxes having particular orientations relative to one another, thisdisclosure contemplates other axes having other orientations relative toone another.

Each pixel 22 has a horizontal pixel pitch 26, which in an embodiment isdefined as the distance between corresponding features of two adjacentpixels 22 along horizontal axis 28 (such as the distance from the leftedge of sub-pixel 24H to the left edge of sub-pixel 24K). Each pixel 22also has a vertical pixel pitch 30, which in an embodiment is defined asthe distance between corresponding features of two adjacent pixels 22 ortwo adjacent sub-pixels 24 along vertical axis 32 (such as the distancefrom the lower edge of sub-pixel 24I to the lower edge of sub-pixel24B). In one example, horizontal pixel pitch 26 is referred to as HPP orPP_(x), and vertical pixel pitch 30 is referred to as VPP or PP_(y). Inan embodiment, horizontal pixel pitch 26 is referred to as a pixel widthor the width of pixel 22, and vertical pixel pitch 30 is referred to asa pixel height or the height of pixel 22. This disclosure contemplatesany pixels with any horizontal and vertical pixel pitches having anyvalues.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, sub-pixel 24 has a substantiallyrectangular shape. The present disclosure contemplates sub-pixel 24having other shapes, including but not limited to square, round, oval,or chevron-shaped. In an embodiment, horizontal pixel pitch 26 isapproximately 50 μm, 100 μm, 150 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, or anydimension. In an embodiment, vertical pixel pitch 30 is approximately 50μm, 100 μm, 150 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, or any dimension. In oneexample, horizontal pixel pitch 26 is approximately the same as verticalpixel pitch 30, and pixel 22 has a substantially square shape. In oneexample, pixel 22 having a substantially square shape refers tohorizontal pixel pitch 26 and vertical pixel pitch 26 havingapproximately the same dimension to within 1%, 2%, 5%, or to within anyother percentage. As an example, a display may include pixels 22 withhorizontal pixel pitch 26 and vertical pixel pitch 30 equal to 100μm±1%, and pixels 22 may have a square shape with a 100-μm±1-μm heightand a 100-μm±1-μm width. As another example, a display may have pixels22 with horizontal pixel pitch 26 and vertical pixel pitch 30approximately equal to 250 μm±2%, and pixels 22 may have a square shapewith a height and width of 250 μm±5 μm. As another example, a displaymay include pixels 22 that are substantially square with a horizontalpixel pitch 26 of 99-μm±2-μm and a vertical pixel pitch 30 of101-μm±2-μm. Although this disclosure describes and illustratesparticular pixels having particular dimensions and particular pixelpitches, this disclosure contemplates other pixels having otherdimensions and other pixel pitches.

In an embodiment, each pixel 22 includes dead space 33, whichcorresponds to regions of pixel 22 not occupied by a sub-pixel 24. Inone example, sub-pixel 24 includes a color element that emits aparticular color (e.g., red, green, or blue), and sub-pixel 24 isseparated from adjacent sub-pixels 24 by dead space 33. Dead space 33may include circuitry (e.g., conductive traces, wiring, drivetransistors, or any other electronic components) associated withproviding a drive current or voltage to a color-emitting element ofsub-pixel 24. In one example, dead space 33 has a height (DSH) 34 thatis defined as the distance between adjacent sub-pixels 24 along verticalaxis 32 (such as the distance between the top edge of sub-pixel 24J andthe bottom edge of sub-pixel 24C in FIG. 2). In one example, dead space33 has a width (DSW) 36 that is defined as the distance between adjacentsub-pixels 24 along horizontal axis 28 (such as the distance between theright edge of sub-pixel 24I and the left edge of sub-pixel 24J).Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular pixelswith particular dead space having particular dimensions, this disclosurecontemplates other pixels with other dead spaces having otherdimensions.

Each sub-pixel 24 has a horizontal sub-pixel pitch 38, which is definedin an embodiment as the distance between corresponding features of twoadjacent sub-pixels along horizontal axis 28, including width 36 of deadspace 33 (such as the distance between the left edges of sub-pixels 24Sand 24T in FIG. 2). Each sub-pixel 24 also has a vertical sub-pixelpitch 40, which is defined in an embodiment as the distance betweencorresponding features of two adjacent sub-pixels along vertical axis32, including height 34 of dead space 33 (such as the distance betweenthe lower edges of sub-pixels 24S and 24L). In an embodiment, horizontalsub-pixel pitch 38 is referred to as HSPP or SPP_(x), and verticalsub-pixel pitch 40 is referred to as VSPP or SPP_(y). In an embodiment,horizontal pixel pitch 26 is equal to three times horizontal sub-pixelpitch 38, so that PP_(x)=3×SPP_(x), or SPP_(x)=×PP_(x). In anembodiment, vertical pixel pitch 30 is equal to vertical sub-pixel pitch40.

Each sub-pixel 24 has a sub-pixel width (referred to as SPW or SPD_(x))42, which is defined in an embodiment as the sub-pixel dimension alonghorizontal axis 28 (such as the distance between the left and rightedges of sub-pixel 24U in FIG. 2). In an embodiment, SPD_(x) 42 isreferred to as a distance between opposing edges of the color element ofsub-pixel 24 along horizontal axis 28. Each sub-pixel 24 also has asub-pixel height (referred to as SPH or SPD_(y)) 44, which is defined inan embodiment as the sub-pixel dimension along vertical axis 32 (such asthe distance between the lower and upper edges of sub-pixel 24U). In anembodiment, SPD_(y) 44 is referred to as a distance between opposingedges of the color element of sub-pixel 24 along vertical axis 32. Inthe example of FIG. 2, horizontal pixel pitch 26 is equal to three timeshorizontal sub-pixel pitch 38, and horizontal sub-pixel pitch 38 isequal to the sum of SPD_(x) 42 and DSW 36. In the example of FIG. 2,vertical sub-pixel pitch 40 is equal to vertical pixel pitch 30, andvertical pixel pitch 30 is equal to the sum of SPD_(y) 44 and DSH 34. Inan embodiment, each pixel 22 includes three sub-pixels 24, and eachsub-pixel 24 has approximately the same dimensions, SPD_(x) 42 andSPD_(y) 44.

In an embodiment, pixel 22 has a substantially square shape so thatPP_(x)≅PP_(y). As an example, pixel 22 may have a square shape withheight and width of approximately 150 μm. Such a 150-μm square pixel 22has a SPP_(x) 38 of approximately 50 μm since SPP_(x)=⅓×PP_(x)=3×(150μM)=50 μm. Moreover, as an example, SPD_(x) 42 may be approximately 42μm, and DSW 36 may be approximately 8 μm, which corresponds to a SPP_(x)38 of 50 μm. Similarly, SPD_(y) 44 may be approximately 140 μm, and DSH34 may be approximately 10 μm, which corresponds to a vertical pixelpitch 30, or pixel height, of 150 μm. Although this disclosure describesand illustrates particular pixels and sub-pixels having particularshapes, arrangements, and dimensions, this disclosure contemplates anyother pixels and sub-pixels having any other shapes, arrangements, anddimensions. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustratesparticular pixels and sub-pixels having particular pitches anddimensions, this disclosure contemplates any other pixels and sub-pixelshaving any other pitches and dimensions.

FIG. 3 illustrates the example display portion 20 of an example display(e.g., the example display shown in FIG. 2) that includes example pixelsand sub-pixels 24, with example conductive lines 50 and 52 overlying theexample portion 20 of an example display, according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. In an example embodiment, conductive lines 50and 52 are FLM and make up part of a mesh pattern of an electrode of atouch sensor. In an embodiment, an arrangement of conductive lines thatmake up at least part of a touch sensor are referred to as a mesh, meshpattern, or mesh design. Although this disclosure describes andillustrates a touch sensor overlying a display, this disclosurecontemplates other portions of a touch sensor (including other portionsof conductive lines 50 and 52) being disposed on one or more layers onor within a display stack of the display.

In the example of FIG. 3, conductive line 50 is oriented at an angle 54(θ₅₄) relative to horizontal axis 28, and conductive line 52 is orientedat an angle 56 (θ₅₆) relative to horizontal axis 28. Angle 54 ofconductive line 50 can be illustrated by drawing a line that passesthrough reference points 58 and 60, where reference point 58 is locatedat the lower left corner of sub-pixel 240 and reference point 60 islocated at the upper left corner of sub-pixel 24R. The slope ofconductive line 50 can be defined as the vertical rise of conductiveline 50 divided by the horizontal run of conductive line 50, and angle54 can be found from the arctangent of that slope. In the example ofFIG. 3, the vertical rise of conductive line 50 is SPD_(y) 44, and thehorizontal run of conductive line 50 is PP_(x) 26. Thus, the slope ofconductive line 50 equals

$\left( \frac{SPD_{y}}{PP_{x}} \right),$

and angle 54 can be found from the expression

${\theta_{54} = {\arctan \left( \frac{SPD_{y}}{PP_{x}} \right)}}.$

In FIG. 3, the vertical rise of conductive line 50 can also be expressedas (PP_(y)−DSH), in which case the slope of conductive line 50 can bewritten

$\left( \frac{{PP_{y}} - {DSH}}{{PP}_{x}} \right),$

and angle 54 can be found from the expression

${\theta_{54} = {\arctan \left( \frac{{PP_{y}} - {DSH}}{PP_{x}} \right)}}.$

In the example of FIG. 3, angle 56 of conductive line 52 is illustratedby drawing a line that passes through reference points 62 and 64, wherereference point 62 is located at the lower right corner of sub-pixel 24Uand reference point 64 is located at the lower right corner of sub-pixel24L. The slope of conductive line 52 can be defined as the vertical riseof conductive line 52 divided by the horizontal run of conductive line52, and angle 56 can be found from the arctangent of that slope. In theexample of FIG. 3, the vertical rise of conductive line 52 is PP_(y) 30,and the horizontal run of conductive line 52 is two times SPP_(x) 38.Thus, the slope of conductive line 52 equals

$\left( \frac{PP_{y}}{2 \times SPP_{x}} \right),$

and angle 56 can be found from the expression

${\theta_{56} = {\arctan \left( \frac{PP_{y}}{2 \times SPP_{x}} \right)}}.$

In FIG. 3, the horizontal run of conductive line 52 can also beexpressed as ⅔PP_(x), in which case the slope of conductive line 52 canbe written

$\left( \frac{PP_{y}}{\frac{2}{3}PP_{x}} \right),$

and angle 56 can be found from the expression

${\theta_{56} = {\arctan \left( \frac{3PP_{y}}{2PP_{x}} \right)}}.$

Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular angles 54and 56 of conductive lines 50 and 52, this disclosure contemplates otherconductive lines having other angles.

In the example of FIG. 3, conductive line 50 is orientedcounterclockwise at angle 54 relative to horizontal axis 28, andconductive line 52 is oriented clockwise at angle 56 relative tohorizontal axis 28. In an embodiment, a mesh design includes two sets ofconductive lines, where the first set includes conductive lines that aresubstantially parallel and have a counterclockwise orientation withrespect to horizontal axis 28 at an angle 54, and the second setincludes conductive lines that are substantially parallel and have aclockwise orientation with respect to horizontal axis 28 at an angle 56.In an embodiment, conductive line 50 is oriented clockwise at angle 54relative to horizontal axis 28, and conductive line 52 may is orientedcounterclockwise at angle 56 relative to horizontal axis 28. In anembodiment, conductive line 50 is oriented clockwise or counterclockwiseat angle 54 relative to horizontal axis 28, and conductive line 52 isoriented clockwise or counterclockwise at angle 56 relative tohorizontal axis 28. Although this disclosure describes and illustratesexample conductive lines 50 and 52 having particular orientationsrelative to horizontal axis 28, this disclosure contemplates anyclockwise or counterclockwise orientation of conductive lines relativeto any axis.

In an embodiment, angle 54 of conductive lines 50 may be illustrated bydrawing a line passing through reference point 58 and a second referencepoint. For example, reference point 58 is located at a lower-left cornerof a sub-pixel 24, and the second reference point is located, e.g., atlower-left corners of other sub-pixels 24. Relative to reference point58, the second reference point is located, e.g., one vertical pixelpitch 30 in the direction of vertical axis 32 and an integer number ofhorizontal sub-pixel pitches 38 in the direction of horizontal axis 28(e.g., to the right in FIG. 3). Similarly, angle 56 of conductive lines52 may be illustrated by drawing a line passing through reference point62 and a second reference point. For example, reference point 62 islocated at a lower-right corner of a sub-pixel 24, and the secondreference point is located, e.g., at lower-right corners of othersub-pixels 24. Relative to reference point 62, the second referencepoint is located, e.g., one vertical pixel pitch 30 in the direction ofvertical axis 32 and an integer number of horizontal sub-pixel pitches38 in the direction opposite to horizontal axis 28 (e.g., to the left inFIG. 3).

In an embodiment, the slope of a conductive line 50 may be defined as avertical rise of conductive line 50 divided by a horizontal run ofconductive line 50, and angle 54 can be found from the arctangent of theslope. For example, the vertical rise of conductive lines 50 is verticalpixel pitch 30 (Ply), and the horizontal run of conductive lines 50 isan integer multiple of SPP_(x) 38, which may be expressed as m×SPP_(x),where m is a positive integer. Since, as described above,SPP_(x)=⅓×PP_(x), the horizontal run of conductive lines 50 may beexpressed as m×⅓×PP_(x). In an embodiment, the slope of conductive lines50 may be expressed as PP_(y)/(m×⅓×PP_(x), where m is a positiveinteger, and angle 54 (θ₅₄) can be found from the expression

$\theta_{54} = {{\arctan \left\lbrack {{PP}_{y}/\left( {m \times \frac{1}{3} \times PP_{x}} \right)} \right\rbrack} = {{\arctan \left\lbrack {\frac{3}{m} \times \frac{PP_{y}}{PP_{x}}} \right\rbrack}.}}$

In an embodiment, pixel 22 may have a substantially square shape, andPP_(x) and PP_(y) may be approximately equal. For such pixels 22 with asquare shape, angle 54 may then be expressed as θ₅₄=arctan(3/m).

In an embodiment, the slope of a conductive line 52 may similarly bedefined as a vertical rise of conductive line 52 divided by a horizontalrun of conductive line 52, and angle 56 can be found from the arctangentof the slope. For example, the vertical rise of conductive lines 52 isvertical pixel pitch 30 (PP_(y)), and the horizontal run of conductivelines 50 is an integer multiple of SPP_(x) 38, which may be expressed asn×SPP_(x), where n is a positive integer. Since, as described above,SPP_(x)=₃×PP_(x), the horizontal run of conductive lines 52 may beexpressed as n×⅓×PP_(x). In an embodiment, the slope of conductive lines52 may be expressed as PP_(y)/(n×⅓×PP_(x)), where n is a positiveinteger, and angle 56 (θ₅₆) can be found from the expression

$\theta_{56} = {{\arctan \left\lbrack {{PP}_{y}/\left( {n \times \frac{1}{3} \times PP_{x}} \right)} \right\rbrack} = {{\arctan \left\lbrack {\frac{3}{n} \times \frac{PP_{y}}{PP_{x}}} \right\rbrack}.}}$

In an embodiment, the positive integers m and n may be referred to asangle parameters for a mesh pattern. In particular embodiments, pixel 22may have a substantially square shape, and PP_(x) and PP_(y) may beapproximately equal. For such pixels 22 with a square shape, angle 56may then be expressed as θ₅₆=arctan(3/n). In an embodiment, angle 54 mayhave the same magnitude as angle 56. In an embodiment, a mesh design mayinclude angles 54 and 56 with approximately the same magnitude, and theassociated conductive lines 50 and 52 may appear to be reflected about avertical axis.

In the example of FIG. 3, reference points 58, 60, 62, and 64 do notcorrespond to any conductive or other material of a touch sensor.Instead, reference points 58, 60, 62, and 64 are used as a basis todetermine angles 54 and 56 of a mesh pattern. Moreover, in the exampleof FIG. 3, reference points 58, 60, 62, and 64 are intended as a guideto illustrating or constructing angles 54 and 56, and reference points58, 60, 62, and 64 are not constrained to be located only at particularlocations such as lower-left or lower right corners of particularsub-pixels 24. As an example, reference points 58, 60, 62, and 64 may bereferenced to any other locations, such as for example, a corner, anedge, or a center of particular pixels 22, sub-pixels 24, or regions ofdead space 33. Similarly, conductive lines 50 and 52 are not constrainedto pass through any particular reference points (e.g., 58, 60, 62, or64); rather, conductive lines 50 and 52 are at least in partcharacterized by their angles, 54 and 56, respectively, with respect tohorizontal axis 28. In an embodiment, conductive lines 50 and 52 neednot be constrained to pass through any particular reference points butmay be displaced along horizontal axis 28 and vertical axis 32 by anyother amount. Additionally, a mesh pattern that includes conductivelines 50 and 52 may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or bothrelative to pixels 22 or sub-pixels 24 (as may occur during amanufacturing process) without substantially degrading the opticalperformance of the mesh pattern. As an example, a mesh pattern made upof conductive lines 50 and 52 may have any alignment or displacementrelative to pixels 22 or sub-pixels 24 of a display. Although thisdisclosure describes and illustrates particular conductive lines havingparticular angles, this disclosure contemplates any other conductivelines having any angles. Moreover, although this disclosure describesand illustrates particular conductive lines having particular anglesdefined by particular reference points, this disclosure contemplates anyother conductive lines having any angles defined by any referencepoints.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example mesh design overlying an example portion20 of an example display, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Display portion 20 includes pixels 22 arranged alonghorizontal axis 28 and vertical axis 32. In FIG. 4, each pixel 22 hashorizontal pixel pitch 26 (PP_(x)) and vertical pixel pitch 30 (PP_(y)),and each pixel 22 includes three sub-pixels 24. Pixels 22 in FIG. 4 aresubstantially square so that PP_(x) and PP_(y) are approximately thesame. The example mesh design in FIG. 4 includes conductive lines 50 and52, and in an example embodiment conductive lines 50 and 52 are FLM andmake up part of a mesh pattern of an electrode of a touch sensor.

Conductive lines 50 in FIG. 4 are substantially parallel to each other,and each conductive line 50 forms an angle 54 relative to horizontalaxis 28. Additionally, conductive lines 50 in FIG. 4 are substantiallyevenly spaced from one another with adjacent conductive lines 50 havingan equal horizontal separation distance 70 along horizontal axis 28.Conductive lines 52 in FIG. 4 are also substantially parallel to eachother, forming an angle 56 relative to horizontal axis 28. Conductivelines 52 are also substantially evenly spaced from one another withadjacent conductive lines 52 having an equal horizontal separationdistance 72. As described above and illustrated in FIG. 3, angles 54 and56 in FIG. 4 can be found from the expressions

${\theta_{54} = {{{\arctan \left( \frac{SPD_{y}}{PP_{x}} \right)}\mspace{14mu} {and}\mspace{14mu} \theta_{56}} = {\arctan \left( \frac{PP_{y}}{2 \times SPP_{x}} \right)}}},$

respectively. In an embodiment, horizontal separation distance 70 refersto a distance between adjacent conductive lines 50 as measured alonghorizontal axis 28. Similarly, in an embodiment, horizontal separationdistance 72 refers to a distance between adjacent conductive lines 52 asmeasured along horizontal axis 28. In an embodiment, horizontalseparation distances 70 and 72 can be referred to as separationdistances, line separation distances, horizontal line-separationdistances, or line spacings.

In an embodiment, conductive lines 50 have a horizontal separationdistance 70 along horizontal axis 28 that can be expressed asD₇₀=k×PP_(x), where D₇₀ is horizontal separation distance 70 ofconductive lines 50, k is a positive integer, and PP_(x) is horizontalpixel pitch 26. In an embodiment, k can be referred to as aline-separation parameter. Similarly, in an embodiment, conductive lines52 have a horizontal separation distance 72 along horizontal axis thatcan be expressed as D₇₂= 13/18×k×PP_(x), where D₇₂ is horizontalseparation distance 72 of conductive lines 52 and k is the same positiveinteger used to determine D₇₀. Horizontal separation distance 72 mayalso be expressed equivalently as

$D_{72} = {\left( {2\frac{1}{6}} \right) \times \frac{k}{3} \times P{P_{x}.}}$

In an embodiment, if horizontal pixel pitch 26 equals three timeshorizontal sub-pixel pitch 38, the expression for horizontal separationdistance 72 can be written D₇₂=(2⅙×SPP_(x)×k. In the example of FIG. 4,the line-separation parameter k equals 2, which gives a horizontalseparation distance 70 of D₇₀=2×PP_(x), and a horizontal separationdistance 72 of D₇₂=13/9×PP_(x).

In an embodiment, perpendicular separation distance 74 indicates adistance between two adjacent, parallel conductive lines as measuredalong a direction perpendicular to the two lines. In an embodiment, aperpendicular separation distance 74 between conductive lines 50 ismeasured in a direction perpendicular to conductive lines 50.Perpendicular separation distance 74 is related to horizontal separationdistance 70 by the expression D₇₄=D₇₀ sin θ₅₄, where D₇₄ isperpendicular separation distance 74. Similarly, in an embodiment, aperpendicular separation distance 76 between conductive lines 52 ismeasured in the direction perpendicular to conductive lines 52.Perpendicular separation distance 76 is related to horizontal separationdistance 72 by the expression D₇₆=D₇₂ sin θ₅₆, where D₇₆ isperpendicular separation distance 76. In FIG. 4, perpendicularseparation distance 74 equals 2PP_(x) sin θ₅₄, and perpendicularseparation distance 76 equals 13/9PP_(x) sin θ₅₆.

In the example embodiment of FIG. 4, angle 80 (θ₈₀) is an angle betweenconductive lines 50 and 52, and angle 80 equals the sum of angles 54 and56, or θ₈₀=θ₅₄+θ₅₆. In the example embodiment of FIG. 4, angle 80′(θ₈₀′) is another angle between conductive lines 50 and 52, and angle80′ is the supplement to angle 80, so that angle 80′ is 180°−θ₈₀. In anembodiment, angle 80 refers to an angle between conductive lines 50 and52, where angle 80 faces in a nominally horizontal direction. Similarly,in an embodiment, angle 80′ refers to an angle between conductive lines50 and 52, where angle 80′ faces in a nominally vertical direction. Inan embodiment, line segment 84 represents a length of conductive line 52between two adjacent conductive lines 50. Line segment 84 has length S₈₄that is related to horizontal separation distance 70 by the expression

$S_{84} = {D_{70} \times {\frac{\sin \; \theta_{54}}{\sin \; \theta_{80}^{\prime}}.}}$

Similarly, in an embodiment, line segment 86 represents a length ofconductive line 50 between two adjacent conductive lines 52. Forexample, line segment 86 has length S₈₆ that is related to horizontalseparation distance 72 by the expression

$S_{86} = {D_{72} \times {\frac{\sin \theta_{56}}{\sin \; \theta_{80}^{\prime}}.}}$

Segment length S₈₄ is related to perpendicular separation distance 74(D₇₄) by the expression

$S_{84} = {\frac{D_{74}}{\sin \; \theta_{80}^{\prime}}.}$

Similarly, segment length S₈₆ is related to perpendicular separationdistance 76 (D₇₆) by the expression

$S_{86} = {\frac{D_{76}}{\sin \; \theta_{80}^{\prime}}.}$

In an embodiment, a mesh cell 96 includes three or more portions orsegments of conductive lines 50 and 52 that together form an enclosedshape, such as for example a triangle, parallelogram, or quadrilateral.In FIG. 4, mesh cell 96 includes two adjacent line segments 84 and twoadjacent line segments 86 that together form a four-sided shape. In anembodiment, a mesh design includes multiple mesh cells 96 arranged in arepeating pattern. Although this disclosure describes and illustratesparticular mesh cells that include a particular number of line segments,this disclosure contemplates any other mesh cells that include anynumber of line segments. In FIG. 4, diagonal length 90 is the distancebetween the two opposite vertices of mesh cell 96 that represent thevertical extent of the mesh cell. Similarly, diagonal length 92 is thedistance between the other two opposite vertices of mesh cell 96 thatrepresent the horizontal extent of the mesh cell. In an embodiment,diagonal length 90 can be referred to as a vertical diagonal length, anddiagonal length 92 can be referred to as a horizontal diagonal length.In an embodiment, diagonal length 90 (D₉₀) is found from the expressionD₉₀ ²=S₈₄ ²+S₈₆ ²−2S₈₄S₈₆ cos θ₈₀, and diagonal length 92 (D₉₂) is foundfrom the expression D₉₂ ²=S₈₄ ²+S₈₆ ²−2S₈₄S₈₆ cos θ₈₀′.

In an embodiment, horizontal separation distances 70 and 72,perpendicular separation distances 74 and 76, line segment lengths S₈₄and S₈₆, or diagonal lengths 90 and 92 can vary by any other percentage.In an embodiment, such variation in distance or length occurs during amanufacturing process (as an intentional design feature, or as anincidental result of routine process variations).

Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular meshpatterns having particular mesh cells with particular segment lengthsand diagonal lengths, this disclosure contemplates any other meshpatterns having any other mesh cells with any segment lengths anddiagonal lengths. Moreover, although this disclosure describes andillustrates particular meshes that have particular conductive lines 50and 52 with particular curves (e.g., substantially straight) thisdisclosure contemplates any other meshes that have any other conductivelines with any curves (such as substantially sinusoidal, as onenon-limiting example).

Furthermore, FIG. 4 illustrates example lines 50 and 52 of an examplemesh design. In an embodiment, a mesh pattern includes two or moreconductive lines 50 and 52. In an embodiment, a mesh pattern includes onthe order of 1, 10, 100, 1,000, or any other number of conductive lines50 and 52. This disclosure contemplates any other mesh pattern thatincludes any number of conductive lines.

In addition, a mesh pattern represented by conductive lines 50 and 52 inthe examples of FIGS. 4-6 may have a single-layer, dual-layer, or othermulti-layer configuration. In an embodiment, a single-layer mesh patternrefers to a mesh pattern where conductive lines 50 and 52 are disposedon one side or surface of a substrate. In an embodiment, a dual-layermesh pattern includes a mesh pattern formed by conductive lines 50 and52, disposed on one or more surfaces of one or more substrates. As anexample, a dual-layer mesh pattern may have a first layer of conductivelines 50 and 52 disposed on one side or surface of a substrate and asecond layer of conductive lines 50 and 52 disposed on another side orsurface of the same substrate. As another example, a dual-layer meshpattern may have a first layer of conductive lines 50 and 52 disposed onone surface of one substrate and a second layer of conductive lines 50and 52 disposed on one surface of another substrate. This disclosurecontemplates a touch sensor having a mesh pattern with any number oflayers of conductive lines 50 and 52. In an embodiment having dual-layer(or multi-layer) touch-sensor configurations, one or more layers ofconductive lines 50 and 52 provide drive electrodes of the touch sensorand one or more other layers of conductive lines 50 and 52 provide senseelectrodes of the touch sensor. Although this disclosure describes andillustrates particular mesh designs having particular single-layer,dual-layer, or multi-layer configurations, this disclosure contemplatesany other mesh design having any single-layer, dual-layer, ormulti-layer configuration.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example mesh design utilizing a phasor modulationtechnique overlying an example portion of an example display, accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 shares certainfeatures similar to FIG. 4, and like numbers represent the same elementsin FIG. 5 as they did in FIG. 4, unless otherwise noted. In anembodiment, FIG. 5 describes a dual-layer touch sensor, which has twomesh layers. For clarity, FIG. 5 shows only one mesh layer (the meshcreated by conductive lines 52 and 50) of the dual-layer mesh; however,in this embodiment, a second mesh layer also exists, thus creating adual-layer mesh design. The second mesh is not illustrated in FIG. 5 forclarity's sake, but is instead described in this disclosure. In such anembodiment, the two mesh layers are, for example, electrically isolatedfrom one another (e.g., by a dielectric substrate, etc.). In anembodiment, the second mesh layer contains conductive lines that havesubstantially the same dimensions (e.g., separation distances and/orangles) as the illustrated mesh layer. In an embodiment, the conductivelines of the second mesh layer are substantially parallel to theconductive lines of the illustrated mesh layer. In an embodiment, thesecond mesh layer may be positioned such that the conductive lines ofthe illustrated mesh and the second mesh are not directly overlappingwhen viewed from above. In one example, the vertices of the illustratedmesh can be roughly in the center of the cells of the second mesh andvice versa. In an embodiment, when viewed from above, the conductivelines appear to alternate between the illustrated mesh layer and thesecond mesh layer. For example, conductive lines 52 may appear fromabove to alternate with a set of substantially parallel conductive linesof the second mesh layer. In another embodiment, the second mesh layer,which is not shown in FIG. 5, may or may not have the same dimensions asthe illustrated mesh layer (conductive lines 52 and 50), and/or may ormay not have conductive lines that are substantially parallel to theillustrated mesh layer. The embodiment of FIG. 5 is described as showingdual-layer touch sensor embodiments, but some or all of FIG. 5 can alsodescribe single-layer or other multi-layer touch sensor embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows an example phasor modulation technique used on conductivelines 52, and particularly on conductive lines 52 a-52 e. In anembodiment, using a phasor modulation technique results in a pattern oftranslational shifts in the position of conductive lines according tothe particular phasor being used. Phasor modulation is, for example, adesign technique used to modify the spacing of some conductive lines(e.g., conductive lines 52) that are part of a mesh of conductive lines.Phasor modulation takes place, for example, before the mesh ofconductive lines is manufactured, coupled to a substrate, and/orintegrated with a display, etc. FIG. 5 shows the use of an examplephasor modulation technique on a selected number of conductive lines 52(i.e., conductive lines 52 a-52 e), though in other examples fewer,more, or even substantially all conductive lines 52 may be modulated. Inthis example embodiment, a phasor modulation technique is used tomodulate one set of conductive lines (52 a-52 e) from the illustratedmesh layer, while the other set of conductive lines (50) from theillustrated mesh layer, as well as the conductive lines of theunillustrated second mesh layer, are not modulated. More specifically,in an embodiment—e.g., a dual-layer touch sensor embodiment having twomeshes (a first and second)—adjacent lines of a set of conductive linesof the first mesh (e.g., conductive lines 52 a-52 e) are modulatedaccording to a phasor modulation technique, and unmodulated lines of aset of conductive lines of the second mesh are located in between (andare substantially parallel to) the set of conductive lines of the firstmesh, as viewed from above. In this example, when viewed from above, thetwo sets of conductive lines from the first and second meshes create analternating pattern of modulated (52 a-52 e) and unmodulated (notillustrated) conductive lines such that every other conductive line ismodulated. In other embodiments, the pattern of modulated conductivelines is more or less than every other conductive line, as viewed fromabove in a dual-layer touch sensor design having multiple meshes. Inother embodiments, both conductive lines 50 and 52, or any other numberof sets of conductive lines (from the illustrated mesh layer and/or theunillustrated second mesh layer), may each be subject to the same ordifference phasor modulation techniques.

As in FIG. 4, conductive lines 50 are substantially parallel to eachother, and each conductive line 50 forms an angle 54 relative tohorizontal axis 28, for example. Additionally, conductive lines 50 aresubstantially evenly spaced from one another with adjacent conductivelines 50 having an equal horizontal separation distance 70 alonghorizontal axis 28.

Conductive lines 52 in FIG. 5 are also substantially parallel to eachother, forming an angle 56 relative to horizontal axis 28, for example.Without phasor modulation, conductive lines 52 are also substantiallyevenly spaced from one another with adjacent conductive lines 52 havingan equal horizontal separation distance 72. However, in FIG. 5, byimplementing phasor modulation on conductive lines 52, some or all ofconductive lines 52 are shifted in a pattern according to the phasormodulation used and thus are not necessarily substantially evenly spacedfrom one another (though they do remain substantially parallel in thisexample). Therefore, in this example, different sets of adjacentconductive lines 52 have an unequal horizontal separation distance. Inan embodiment, the unequal horizontal separation distances betweenadjacent conductive lines 52 form a repeating pattern. In FIG. 5, thedashed lines close to and parallel to conductive lines 52 a-52 erepresent the location of conductive lines 52 a-52 e when subjected tophasor modulation. For example, phasor modulation shifts conductive line52 a to the location of the dashed line to the left of conductive line52 a. As another example, phasor modulation shifts conductive line 52 cto the location of the dashed line to the right of conductive line 52 c.The conductive lines subjected to phasor modulation can be referred toas modulated conductive lines.

It is this pattern of changing horizontal separation distances betweenconductive lines 52 that modifies the mesh pattern of the conductivelines such that, in an embodiment, the modified mesh pattern mitigatesfrequency moiré patterns while preserving optical performance. In anexample embodiment having a dual-layer sensor configuration with twomeshes, adjacent conductive lines of the first mesh (e.g., conductivelines 52 a-e) are modulated to create a pattern of changing horizontalseparation distances. In an embodiment of this example, conductive linesof the second mesh are unmodulated and placed between the conductivelines of the first mesh such that, for example when viewed from above,the conductive lines of the first and second mesh alternate so thatevery other conductive line (i.e., the conductive lines of the firstmesh) is modulated.

Phasor modulation distances 140 a-140 d represent the distance alonghorizontal axis 28 between the original conductive line 52 and themodulated conductive line 52. Phasor modulation distances can becalculated as equal to (phasor magnitude)×cos(phasor step θ), which isdescribed further in connection with FIGS. 7A and 7B. Examples of setsof phasors are shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C. For example, 140 arepresents the phasor modulation distance between original conductiveline 52 a (the dark solid line) and modulated conductive line 52 a (thedashed line parallel and to the left of original conductive line 52 a).Likewise, 140 b represents the phasor modulation distance betweenoriginal conductive line 52 b (the dark solid line) and modulatedconductive line 52 b (the dashed line parallel and to the left oforiginal conductive line 52 b). Similarly, 140 c represents the phasormodulation distance between original conductive line 52 c (the darksolid line) and modulated conductive line 52 c (the dashed line paralleland to the right of original conductive line 52 c). Further, 140 drepresents the phasor modulation distance between original conductiveline 52 d (the dark solid line) and modulated conductive line 52 d (thedashed line parallel and to the right of original conductive line 52 d).

Finally, the phasor modulation distance between original conductive line52 e (the dark solid line) and modulated conductive line 52 e (thedashed line parallel and to the left of original conductive line 52 e)could be labeled 140 e, but instead is labeled 140 a because in theexample embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the phasor modulation distanceof conductive line 52 e is substantially equal to the phasor modulationdistance of conductive line 52 a (i.e. 140 a). In this embodiment, thephasor modulation distance for conductive lines 52 a and 52 e aresubstantially equal because a set of four phasor steps (for example, thefour phasor steps described in FIG. 7C), are used in this embodiment andthe set of phasor steps begin to repeat themselves with conductive line52 e. Thus, in FIG. 5, conductive lines 52 a-d are modulated accordingto the four phasor steps, respectively. For conductive line 52 e,however, the phasor steps begin to repeat themselves, such thatconductive lines 52 a and 52 e are modified by the same (first) phasorstep. Similarly, in this example, conductive lines 52 b and 52 f wouldalso be modified by the same (second) phasor step (though this is notshown in FIG. 5), etc., and the pattern would continue for some orsubstantially all of conductive lines 52.

In an embodiment, negative phasor modulation distances move modulatedconductive lines 52 to the left of their original counterparts in FIG.5. For example, phasor modulation distances 140 a and 140 b arenegative. Conversely, positive phasor modulation distances movemodulated conductive lines 52 to the right of their originalcounterparts in FIG. 5. For example, phasor modulation distances 140 cand 140 d are positive. In an embodiment, it is also possible to have aphasor modulation distance equal to zero when the cos(phasor step θ)value equals zero for one or more of the phasor steps. In suchinstances, the location of the original conductive line 52 and themodulated conductive line 52 would be substantially the same. Phasorsteps that have their cos(phasor step θ) values equal to zero are knownas carrier phasor steps. This disclosure contemplates phasors having anynumber of carrier phasor steps. In an embodiment, a set of phasor stepscan be used where some or all of the carrier phasor steps are removed or“suppressed.”

FIG. 6 illustrates an example single-layer touch sensor mesh designutilizing a phasor modulation technique overlying an example portion ofan example display, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 5, but the primary differencebetween the figures is that FIG. 6 illustrates phasor modulation of anexample single-layer mesh design.

In the example embodiment of FIG. 6, a first set of conductive lines (52and 53), together with a second set of conductive lines (50), create asingle-layer mesh, where the conductive lines of the first set alternatebetween conductive lines 52 and 53. Though FIG. 6 retains markers forhorizontal separation distance 72 and perpendicular separation distance76 from previous figures (i.e., as measured between adjacent conductivelines 52) for context, the corresponding perpendicular separationdistance and horizontal separation distance in FIG. 6 are measuredbetween adjacent conductive lines 52 and 53 (which together form asingle first set of conductive lines of a single-layer mesh). In anembodiment, conductive lines 52 (e.g., 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, 52 d, 52 e,etc.) are modulated according to a phasor modulation technique, forexample, as described elsewhere in this disclosure (e.g., regardingFIGS. 5 and 7A-7C). In an embodiment, conductive lines 53 are notmodulated (i.e., unmodulated) according to a phasor modulationtechnique. Thus, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, the first setof conductive lines of the single-layer mesh alternate between modulatedconductive lines (conductive lines 52) and unmodulated conductive lines(conductive lines 53), such that every other conductive line of thefirst set is modulated according to a phasor modulation technique. Inother embodiments, some or all of the second set of conductive lines(e.g., conductive lines 50) can also be modulated. This disclosurecontemplates other embodiments having a different pattern of modulatedand unmodulated conductive lines, e.g., every third conductive line ismodulated, all or nearly all conductive lines are modulated, a randomnumber of conductive lines are unmodulated, etc. The embodiment of FIG.6 is described as showing single-layer touch sensor embodiments, butsome or all of FIG. 5 can also describe dual-layer or other multi-layertouch sensor embodiments.

This disclosure contemplates that, in an embodiment, a conductive linecan be modulated by a phasor modulation distance of zero when the phasorstep being used is at the carrier frequency. In such an embodiment,where a carrier phasor step is not suppressed and is part of a patternof phasor steps, the conductive line being modified by the carrierphasor step can be understood to be “modulated,” and thus part of apattern of changing horizontal separation distances, even though itsphasor modulation distance is zero.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C illustrate examples of phasors for a mesh designutilizing phasor modulation, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Phasors such as those in FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C can be used tomodulate mesh designs, such as the modulated mesh design shown in FIG. 5and FIG. 6. As an example, the phasor steps of a particular phasor canbe used to translate the position of a particular conductive line (e.g.,conductive line 52 a) to a modulated position, as described inconnection with FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.

In general, phasors can be conceptualized as the series of phasor stepscreated when a particular phasor angle θ is repeated around a 360 degreecircle. In an embodiment, the phasor angle θ is determined by theequation θ=360°/x, such that the phasor steps are equidistant from eachother (i.e., phasor angle θ is constant) and repeat themselves each timethe circle is traversed, forming a cycle of phasor steps. This makes afinite set of phasor steps. For example, in FIG. 7A x=5 and thereforethe phasor angle θ=72°. This produces a set of 5 phasor steps (shown asphasor steps a-e). As another example, in FIG. 7B, x=3 and therefore thephasor angle θ=120°. This produces a set of 3 phasor steps (shown asphasor steps a-c). Phasors with any other number of phasor steps,whether odd or even, can be used. In an embodiment, a phasor with an oddnumber of phasor steps is used. In an embodiment, the phasor angle θ isnot determined by the equation θ=360°/x, such that the phasor steps donot repeat themselves each time the circle is traversed. As anotherexample, the phasor angle θ is not constant between each phasor step,and further the phasor steps in this example may or may not repeatthemselves each time the circle is traversed (and thus a repeating cycleof phasor steps may or may not be formed). This disclosure contemplatesphasors having any number of steps, and any phasor magnitude.

FIG. 7A shows a set of equidistant phasor steps represented in a phasordiagram having five steps, and thus having a phasor angle θ=72°. Thediagram is set on a Cartesian plane, with a horizontal axis 152 and avertical axis that passes through phasor step e, which is perpendicularto horizontal axis 152. Starting at the positive vertical axis (i.e., inline with phasor step e), which represents 0°/360°, and rotatingclockwise by one phasor angle θ (72°), lays phasor step a. At anotherclockwise rotation of one phasor angle θ lays phasor step b. At yetanother clockwise rotation of one phasor angle θ lays phasor step c. Atstill another clockwise rotation of one phasor angle θ lays phasor stepd, and finally at one more clockwise rotation of one phasor angle θ laysphasor step e, which lies at the vertical 0°/360° position. In thisexample, further rotations of phasor angle θ produces phasor stepsidentical to the first five phasor steps (a-e). In an embodiment, themagnitude of each phasor step (depicted as the length of the phasorsteps) is the same and can be referred to as the phasor magnitude. In anembodiment, the phasor magnitude is 0.5 sub-pixel pitch, where sub-pixelpitch can be referred to as “SP” (for example, in FIGS. 8 and 9), thoughany other phasor magnitude can be used.

Phasor modulation distances 140 a-140 d can be calculated as equal to(phasor magnitude)×cos(phasor step θ), where the phasor step θ (whichcan also be known as “phasor step angle,” “phasor step angle θ,” or theangle or a particular phasor step) is the angle between the phasor stepand horizontal axis 152. Thus, in this example, cos(phasor step θ) forphasor steps a-e can be calculated as (a))cos(18°=0.95, (b))cos(−54°=0.59, (c))cos(−126°=−0.59, (d))cos(162°=−0.95, (e))cos(90°=0.Phasor modulation distance 140 e is not shown in FIG. 7A because it hasa value of zero. In summary, the cos(phasor step θ) values for phasorsteps a-e are 0.95, 0.59, −0.59, −0.95, and 0, respectively. In anembodiment, the cos(phasor step θ) values are normalized to 1, whichyields values of 1, 0.62, −0.62, 1, and 0. Further, in an embodiment,the cos(phasor step θ) values are reordered from negative to positive,which yields values of −1, −0.62, 0, 0.62, and 1. Thus, in such anembodiment, phasor modulation distance 140 a=−1×(phasor magnitude),phasor modulation distance 140 b=−0.62×(phasor magnitude), phasormodulation distance 140 c=0×(phasor magnitude), phasor modulationdistance 140 d=0.62×(phasor magnitude), and phasor modulation distance140 e=1×(phasor magnitude). In still other embodiments, the carrierphasor steps (the ones that produce phasor modulation distances equal tozero) are removed or “suppressed,” which in this example yields fourphasor modulation distances rather than five (see, for example, the fourphasor steps of FIG. 7C): phasor modulation distance 140 a=−1×(phasormagnitude), phasor modulation distance 140 b=−0.62×(phasor magnitude),phasor modulation distance 140 c=0.62×(phasor magnitude), and phasormodulation distance 140 d 1×(phasor magnitude).

For example, the phasor modulation shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 uses fourrepeating phasor modulation distances based four phasor steps, which canbe created using a phasor with a phasor angle θ=72° (and any phasormagnitude, whether constant or not). Such a phasor yields five phasorsteps, where one is a carrier phasor step. FIG. 7C shows the four phasorsteps that are not at the carrier frequency, because FIG. 7C illustratesan example where the carrier phasor step is suppressed, which, in thisexample, leaves four phasor steps remaining (steps a-d). By dropping(suppressing) the carrier phasor step, reordering the cos(phasor step θ)values of the remaining four phasor steps from negative to positive, andmultiplying each value by a phasor magnitude, two negative and twopositive phasor modulation distances are created. Using these fourphasor modulation distances in a repeating cycle to translate conductivelines creates the pattern of phasor modulation distances (140 a-140 d)seen in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.

Thus, in an embodiment, a phasor modulation technique can be describedas being implemented based on a phasor angle θ and a phasor magnitude ofat least one phasor. In addition, in an embodiment, phasor step θ valuesfor a phasor can be determined or based on one or more phasor angle θ ofthat phasor (for example, as described in this disclosure). Therefore,in an embodiment, a phasor modulation technique can also be described asbeing implemented based on one or more phasor step θ and a phasormagnitude of at least one phasor.

FIG. 7B shows a set of equidistant phasor steps represented in a phasordiagram having three steps, and thus having a phasor angle θ=120°. Thediagram is set on a Cartesian plane, with a horizontal axis 152 and avertical axis that passes through phasor step c, which is perpendicularto horizontal axis 152. Starting at the positive vertical axis (i.e., inline with phasor step c), which represents 0°/360°, and rotatingclockwise by one phasor angle θ (120°), lays phasor step a. At anotherclockwise rotation of one phasor angle θ lays phasor step b. At yetanother clockwise rotation of one phasor angle θ lays phasor step c,which lies at the vertical 0°/360° position. Further rotations of phasorangle θ produces phasor steps identical to the first three phasor steps(a-c). In an embodiment, the magnitude of each phasor step (depicted asthe length of the phasor steps) is the same and can be referred to asthe phasor magnitude. In an embodiment, the phasor magnitude is 0.5sub-pixel pitch, where sub-pixel pitch can be referred to as “SP” (forexample, in FIGS. 8 and 9), though any other phasor magnitude can beused.

Phasor modulation distances 140 a-140 b can be calculated as equal to(phasor magnitude)×cos(phasor step θ), where the phasor step θ is theangle between the phasor step and horizontal axis 152. Thus, in thisexample, cos(phasor step θ) for phasor steps a-c can be calculated as(a) cos(−30°)=0.87, (b) cos(−150°)=−0.87, and (c) cos(90°)=0. Phasormodulation distance 140 c is not shown in FIG. 7B because it has a valueof zero. In summary, the cos(phasor step θ) values for phasor steps a-care 0.87, −0.87, and 0, respectively. In an embodiment, the cos(phasorstep θ) values are normalized to 1, which yields values of 1, −1, and 0.Further, in an embodiment, the cos(phasor step θ) values are reorderedfrom negative to positive, which yields values of −1, 0, and 1. Thus, insuch an embodiment, phasor modulation distance 140 a=−1×(phasormagnitude), phasor modulation distance 140 b=0×(phasor magnitude), andphasor modulation distance 140 c=1×(phasor magnitude). In still otherembodiments, the carrier phasor steps (the ones that produce phasormodulation distances equal to zero) are removed or “suppressed,” whichin this example yields two phasor modulation distances rather thanthree: phasor modulation distance 140 a=−1×(phasor magnitude), andphasor modulation distance 140 b=1×(phasor magnitude).

FIG. 7C shows an example of a set of phasor steps, where a phasor stepat the carrier frequency is suppressed. FIG. 7C is similar to FIG. 7A inthat it shows a set of equidistant phasor steps represented in a phasordiagram having five steps, and thus has a phasor angle θ=72°; howeverFIG. 7C is different in that the carrier phasor step is suppressed (andtherefore not shown). Thus, FIG. 7A includes the “e” carrier phasorstep, while FIG. 7C does not. In an embodiment, the phasor modulationshown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, for example, can be created using the fourphasor steps shown in FIG. 7C (this was also described above, e.g., inthe description of FIG. 7A discussing an example where the carrierphasor step is suppressed). In an embodiment, one or more phasor stepsmay occur at the carrier frequency, and in an embodiment, some, all, ornone of these carrier phasor steps are suppressed.

FIG. 8 illustrates examples of frequency distributions achieved usingsingle layer modulation with various example phasors, according to anembodiment of^(.) the present disclosure. In an example embodimenthaving a dual-layer sensor design, a set of conductive lines (e.g.,lines 52 in FIG. 5) of a first mesh layer (that are, e.g., on one sideof a substrate) are modulated, while a set of conductive lines of asecond mesh layer (that are, e.g., on the other side of the substrate)are not modulated. In an example embodiment having a single-layer sensordesign, every other conductive line (e.g., lines 52 in FIG. 6) ismodulated (and, e.g., lines 53 are not modulated). Other embodimentsusing either (or both) single and dual-layer sensor design arecontemplated in this disclosure.

FIG. 8 includes four individual graphs 163-166 showing frequencydistributions versus amplitude when using phasor modulation. Graph 163represents the instance where no phasor modulation occurs. Graphs164-166 represent the instances where example phasors are used in phasormodulation. For instance, the example phasor used in graph 165 of FIG. 8has the same phasor angle θ(120°) as the phasor depicted in FIG. 7B, andthe example phasor used in graph 166 of FIG. 8 has the same phasor angleθ(72°) as the phasor depicted in FIG. 7A.

For each of the graphs 163-166, the thick arrow at 8 SP is at thecarrier frequency in these examples and, in an embodiment, representseither (1) the sum of the number of conductive lines on the unmodulatedlayer of a dual-layer design that correspond to a set of modulatedconductive lines on the modulated layer or (2) the sum of the number ofunmodulated conductive lines of a single-layer design that correspond toa set of modulated conductive lines on the single layer (where, forexample, the conductive lines on the single layer alternate betweenmodulated and unmodulated). The carrier frequency represents thehorizontal distance between each conductive line in a set of conductivelines of a mesh layer before any phasor modulation occurs. Thus, acarrier frequency of “1 SP” would mean that the horizontal distancebetween each conductive line is substantially 1 sub-pixel pitch. Foreach of these graphs 163-166, the carrier frequency is 8 sub-pixelpitches, noted as “8 SP”, which means that the set of conductive linesbefore being modulated are horizontally spaced at a frequency of 8 SP,and thus would have a horizontal separation distance (e.g., 72) of 8sub-pixel pitches.

For each of graphs 163-166, the thin arrows represent the actualdistribution of frequencies that occur under phasor modulation (exceptfor graph 163, where no phasor modulation occurs). Thus, graphs 164-166show a number of different thin arrows, indicating that phasormodulation creates a number of different frequencies, with each thinarrow at a particular frequency corresponding to a step of the phasorused. The location of each thin arrow along the x axis (frequencymeasured in sub-pixels) represents a translational shift that occurs asa result of the phasor used in that example of phasor modulation. Forexample, in graph 164, the arrow at 7.5 SP indicates a translationalshift of −0.5 SP from the carrier frequency 8 SP. Conversely, the arrowat 8.5 SP indicates a translational shift of 0.5 SP from the carrierfrequency. Each pair of thin arrows to the sides of the carrierfrequency (e.g. the −0.5 SP and 0.5 SP arrows of graph 164), and thetranslational shifts they represent, can be referred to as a “side band”or “sideband.” In an embodiment, each side band has a positive component(e.g., representing a translational shift, for example, to the right)and a negative component (e.g., representing a translational shift, forexample, to the left), where in an embodiment the absolute value of theshift in each component is substantially the same. In graph 164 andgraph 165, there exists one side band (at ±0.5 SP). In graph 166, thereexist two side bands (one at ±0.5 SP, and a second at ±0.31 SP). In anembodiment, the number of side bands for a phasor with an odd number ofsteps is equal to

$\frac{\left( {{{the}\mspace{14mu} {number}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {steps}} - 1} \right)}{2}.$

In an embodiment, a side band includes one positive side band componentand one negative side band component. In an embodiment, a side bandincludes multiple positive side band components and multiple negativeside band components.

In an embodiment, either (1) a number of conductive lines on theunmodulated layer of a dual-layer design correspond to a set ofmodulated conductive lines on the modulated layer or (2) a number ofunmodulated conductive lines of a single-layer design correspond to aset of modulated conductive lines on the single layer (where, forexample, the conductive lines on the single layer alternate betweenmodulated and unmodulated). In these embodiments, for any graph in FIG.8, the sum of the magnitudes of the thin arrows can, e.g., equal themagnitude of the thick arrow, because, in a dual-layer design, there canbe the same (or substantially the same) number of unmodulated conductivelines on the first layer as there are modulated conductive lines on thesecond layer. In a single-layer design, the magnitudes of the thinarrows can, e.g., equal the magnitude of the thick arrow, because, theconductive lines on the single-layer can alternate between modulated andunmodulated, such that there are the same (or substantially the same)number of unmodulated conductive lines as there are modulated conductivelines. This disclosure contemplated embodiments where the number ofmodulated and unmodulated conductive lines are not equal.

In an embodiment of a dual-layer touch sensor, a translational pattern(which may also be known as a pattern of translational shifts) iscreated when a first conductive line of a set of lines of the first meshis translated by the distance indicated by the leftmost arrow in a graphsuch as graph 166, the conductive line next to the first conductive lineis translated by the distance indicated by the arrow to the right of theleftmost arrow, and the pattern continues until a conductive line istranslated by the distance indicated by the rightmost arrow. After this,the pattern repeats for any given number of the conductive lines of thefirst layer being subjected to phasor modulation. The more phasor stepsin the phasor being used (e.g., graph 164 depicts the use of a phasorwith two steps, graph 165 depicts the use of a phasor with three steps,and graph 166 depicts the use of a phasor with five steps), the morethin arrows are shown (two, three, and five, respectively), and the moreunique translational shifts are completed before the pattern repeatsitself. In an embodiment, the pattern may repeat itself immediately, orthe pattern may skip a number of conductive lines before repeatingitself. In an embodiment, multiple translational patterns (e.g., basedon one or more phasors) are implemented on a single set of conductivelines. In an embodiment, a pattern of translational shifts includes afirst horizontal component of an at least one positive side bandcomponent (e.g., a horizontal distance to shift (or translate) aconductive line based on a positive side band component) and a secondhorizontal component of an at least one negative side band component(e.g., a horizontal distance to shift (or translate) a conductive linebased on a negative side band component). In this embodiment, forexample, the positive and negative side band components may relate to asingle side band. In an embodiment, a conductive line of the second mesh(in a dual-layer sensor embodiment) is located between each modulatedconductive line of the first mesh, such that, viewed from above, thecombined conductive lines of the first and second meshes appear toalternate between modulated and unmodulated conductive lines.

In an embodiment of a single-layer touch sensor, a pattern oftranslational shifts is created in a similar way to the pattern oftranslational shifts in the dual-layer sensor embodiment describedabove, except that every other conductive line of a set of conductivelines of the single-layer mesh is modulated and the remaining conductivelines of that set are unmodulated (see, e.g., conductive lines 52 and 53in FIG. 6). This disclosure contemplates different embodiments ofdual-layer and single-layer sensors. For example, different patterns ofmodulated and unmodulated conductive lines are contemplated, as areembodiments were all lines of a set of conductive lines are modulated.

In an embodiment, the creation of a pattern of translational shifts(created via phasor modulation) also creates a sequence of separationdistances (e.g., horizontal separation distances) having correspondingmagnitudes between conductive lines (e.g., between conductive lines 52in FIG. 5 or between conductive lines 52 and 53 in FIG. 6).

The location of each thin arrow on the x axis in graphs 164-166 isdetermined by calculating the (phasor magnitude)×cos(phasor step θ) foreach phasor step and by the carrier frequency. The locations of the thinarrows indicate the different translations of conductive lines from thecarrier frequency. In an embodiment, the location of the thin arrows,and thus the amount of translation from the carrier frequency, changeaccording to the particular phasor being used. For example, graph 165uses a phasor with phasor angle θ=120° and a phasor magnitude of 0.5 SP.As described in connection with FIG. 7B, a phasor with an angle θ=120°produces a normalized and reordered set of cos(phasor step θ) valuesequal to (−1, 0, 1), which is shown in graph 165. When the cos(phasorstep θ) values are multiplied by the (phasor magnitude) of 0.5 SP toobtain the phasor modulation distances, the phasor modulation distances(also known as the translation distances) become (−0.5 SP, 0 SP, and 0.5SP). Using these phasor modulation distances to modulate a carrierfrequency of 8 SP (the specific carrier frequency used in graph 165)results in a set three new frequencies (7.5 SP, 8 SP, and 8.5 SP). Thethin arrows represent these new frequencies, which indicate thetranslation of conductive lines from the carrier frequency according tothe phasor steps of the phasor used in graph 165 (i.e., a phasor havingan angle θ=120° and a magnitude of 0.5 SP).

For each graph in FIG. 8, the carrier frequency is 8 SP, so any arrowsat 8 SP are at the carrier frequency. Any arrow at the carrier frequencycorresponds to a phasor modulation distance of zero, and therefore alsoto a phasor step where the value of cos(phasor step θ) is zero (acarrier phasor step). Any conductive lines that are “translated”according to that “zero” phasor step would not be translated away fromthe carrier frequency and instead would lay substantially at the carrierfrequency.

Graph 163 shows the frequency distribution that occurs when a layer ofconductive lines has a spacing at a carrier frequency of 8 SP and is notsubject to phasor modulation. When no phasor modulation is used, eachconductive line is spaced substantially at the carrier frequency (here,at 8 sub-pixel pitches).

Graph 164 shows the frequency distribution that occurs when a layer ofconductive lines has a spacing at a carrier frequency of 8 SP and ismodulated by a phasor having a phasor angle θ=180° and a phasormagnitude of 0.5 SP.

Graph 165 shows the frequency distribution that occurs when a layer ofconductive lines has a spacing at a carrier frequency of 8 SP and ismodulated by a phasor having a phasor angle θ=120° and a phasormagnitude of 0.5 SP.

Graph 166 shows the frequency distribution that occurs when a layer ofconductive lines has a spacing at a carrier frequency of 8 SP and ismodulated by a phasor having a phasor angle θ=72° and a phasor magnitudeof 0.5 SP.

FIG. 9 illustrates examples of frequency distributions achieved usingsingle layer modulation with various example phasors and suppressedcarriers, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 9is the same as FIG. 8 (for example, graph 163 corresponds to graph 173,graph 164 corresponds to graph 174, graph 165 corresponds to graph 175,and graph 166 corresponds to graph 176), except the carrier phasor steps(those that produce a phasor modulation distance equal to zero and thusresult in no translational shift away from the carrier frequency) aredropped, or “suppressed.” This is shown in FIG. 9 as the absence of athin arrow at 8 SP (the carrier frequency in this example) for each ofgraphs 174-176. Graph 173 is not changed from graph 163 in FIG. 8because it represents the situation where no phasor modulation occurs(i.e., all conductive lines are at the carrier frequency, which is at 8SP intervals in this example).

In an embodiment, by removing the carrier phasor step, the number ofphasor steps in the set decreases. For example, in graph 176, the set ofnumbers (−1.−0.62, 0, 0.62, 1) represent the normalized and reorderedcos(phasor step θ) values described in connection with FIG. 7A. Aspreviously noted, the cos(phasor step θ)×(phase magnitude)=phasormodulation distance (which is also known as the translation distance).In FIG. 9, the phasor step that produces the “0” value in the set of(−1.−0.62, 0, 0.62, 1) is dropped (as shown in FIG. 7C), effectivelyreducing the set from five values (−1.−0.62, 0, 0.62, 1) to four values(−1.−0.62, 0.62, 1). This means that the new set of cos(phasor step θ)values (based on only four phasor steps) are used to produce phasormodulation (a series of translational shifts in a layer of conductivewires). Thus, when the carrier phasor step is suppressed, all modulatedconductive lines in a single layer are translated away from the carrierfrequency because the “0” cos(phasor step θ) value is suppressed.Alternatively, if the carrier phasor step(s) were not suppressed, the“0” value would remain and one in five of the modulated conductive lineswould not be translated (because the conductive lines modulated by the“0” value would not be translated the phasor modulation distance wouldequal zero). These untranslated conductive lines would lay substantiallyat the carrier frequency (8 SP in this example). In an embodiment,suppressing the carrier phasor steps can result in reduced low frequencymoiré effects compared to not suppressing the carrier phasor steps.

An example of an implementation suppressing a carrier phasor step isshown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 show examples of the useof phasor modulation where the phasor has five steps, but where the onephasor step at the carrier frequency is suppressed, resulting in the useof four phasor steps to create four phasor modulation distances 140a-140 d. Thus, the four phasor modulation distances 140 a-140 d shown inFIG. 5 are non-zero and result in the translation of conductive lines 52a-52 d (which begin to repeat at conductive line 52 e) away from theoriginal conductive lines 52 a-d (represented by the solid black lines)to the modulated conductive lines 52 a-d (represented by the dashedlines to the left of right of the solid black lines). If the carrierphasor step were not suppressed, one of the conductive lines 52 a-52 ewould not be translated (its phasor modulation distance would equalzero), and the pattern would repeat every five modulated conductivelines instead of every four modulated conductive lines.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 180 for forming one or moreelectrodes of a touch sensor, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The method starts at step 182 where a mesh of conductivematerial is deposited on a substrate. This disclosure contemplates anytechnique for depositing a mesh of conductive material on a substrate,such as for example, printing of a mesh onto a substrate, evaporation,sputtering, physical vapor deposition, or chemical vapor deposition. Inan embodiment, the mesh of conductive material is configured to extendacross a display that includes multiple pixels 22. In an embodiment, themesh includes first lines of conductive material 50 that aresubstantially parallel to each other and second lines of conductivematerial 52 that are substantially parallel to each other. In anembodiment, the first and second lines are configured to extend acrossthe display at first and second angles 54 and 56, respectively, wherethe angles are determined in any manner. In an embodiment, the first andsecond lines each have respective separation distances 70 and 72 thatare determined in any manner, such as by any of the above-describedmanners. As an example, the first (and/or second) lines of conductivematerial 50 (and/or 52) are modulated according to any phasor modulationtechnique described herein, such that separation distance 70 (and/or 72)may not be substantially constant between all sets of adjacent first(and/or second) lines. In this example, the separation distance 70(and/or 72) between adjacent lines may vary (for example, according to acyclical repeating pattern of separation distances), due to the use of aphasor modulation technique. In an embodiment, one or more mesh layersmay be created in single-layer, dual-layer, or other multi-layer touchsensors.

At step 184, one or more electrodes of a touch sensor are formed fromthe mesh of conductive material, at which point the method ends. Thisdisclosure contemplates any technique for forming electrodes from a meshof conductive material, such as for example, by etching, cutting, orablating to remove one or more portions of the mesh of conductivematerial. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particularsteps of the method of FIG. 10 as occurring in a particular order, thisdisclosure contemplates any steps of the method of FIG. 10 occurring inany order. An embodiment can repeat or omit one or more steps of themethod of FIG. 10. Moreover, although this disclosure describes andillustrates an example method for forming electrodes of a touch sensorincluding the particular steps of the method of FIG. 10, this disclosurecontemplates any method for forming electrodes of a touch sensorincluding any steps, which can include all, some, or none of the stepsof the method of FIG. 11. Moreover, although this disclosure describesand illustrates particular components carrying out particular steps ofthe method of FIG. 10, this disclosure contemplates any combination ofany components carrying out any steps of the method of FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example method 190 for forming one or more touchsensors, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Themethod starts at step 191, where a mesh of conductive material isdesigned. In an embodiment, the mesh of conductive material is designedas having first lines of conductive material that are substantiallyparallel to each other and have a first separation distance between thefirst lines, and second lines of conductive material that aresubstantially parallel to each other and have a second separationdistance between the second lines. In an embodiment, the first linesthat are adjacent to each other are separated from each other along thefirst axis (e.g., horizontal axis 28) by a first separation distance. Inan embodiment, the second lines that are adjacent to each other areseparated from each other along the first axis (e.g., horizontal axis28) by a second separation distance. In an embodiment, the mesh includesfirst lines of conductive material 50 that are substantially parallel toeach other and second lines of conductive material (e.g., 52 in theexample of FIG. 5, or 52 and 53 in the example of FIG. 6) that aresubstantially parallel to each other. In an embodiment, the first andsecond lines each have respective separation distances (e.g., 70 and 72in FIG. 5) that are determined in any manner, such as by any of theabove-described manners.

Steps 192, 193, and 194 further describe how the mesh is designed,according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At step192, first substantially parallel lines of the mesh are configured toextend across a display, or at least a portion of a display, at a firstangle relative to a first axis. In an embodiment, the firstsubstantially parallel lines are the first lines discussed above in step191. In an embodiment, the first lines are configured to extend across adisplay, or at least a portion of a display, (e.g., display portion 20)at first angle 54, where the first angle is determined in any manner. Inan embodiment, the first axis is horizontal axis 28.

At step 193, second substantially parallel lines of the mesh areconfigured to extend across the display, or at least a portion of adisplay, at a second angle relative to the first axis such that thefirst lines and the second lines intersect. In an embodiment, the secondsubstantially parallel lines are the second lines discussed above instep 191. In an embodiment, the second lines are configured to extendacross the display, or at least a portion of a display, (e.g., displayportion 20) at second angle 56, where the second angle is determined inany manner. In an embodiment, the first axis is horizontal axis 28. Inanother embodiment, the first axis is vertical axis 32. In anembodiment, the first and second lines intersect because the first andsecond angles, relative to the first axis, are not equivalent (in bothmagnitude and orientation).

At step 194, a first separation distance between the first substantiallyparallel lines is varied according to a phasor modulation technique.This disclosure contemplates the use of any phasor modulation technique,for example, those described or referred to above. In an embodiment, thefirst separation distance is the first separation distance discussedabove in step 191. In an embodiment, a second separation distancebetween the second lines (such as the second separation distancediscussed above in step 191) is also varied (or is varied instead of thefirst separation distance) according to a second phasor modulationtechnique that is substantially the same as the phasor modulationtechnique associated with the first lines. In an embodiment, the secondseparation distance between the second lines is also varied according toa second phasor modulation technique that is not substantially the sameas the phasor modulation technique associated with the first lines. Inan embodiment, the first lines have respective separation distance 70that is determined using a phasor modulation technique. In anotherembodiment, the second separation distance between the second lines isvaried according to a phasor modulation technique, and the firstseparation distance is not.

As an example, the first (and/or second) lines of conductive material(e.g., 50, 52, or 52 and 53) are modulated according to any phasormodulation technique described herein, such that separation distance(e.g., 70 and/or 72, or, for example, the separation distance betweenlines 52 and 53 in FIG. 6) may not be substantially constant between allsets of adjacent first lines and/or adjacent second lines (e.g., atleast some of the magnitudes of the separation distances may bedifferent). In this example, the separation distance (e.g., 70 and/or 72in FIG. 5) between lines may vary (for example, according to a cyclicalrepeating pattern of separation distances) due to the use of a phasormodulation technique (e.g., as discussed above regarding FIGS. 5-9). Asan example, the first lines (e.g., the first lines discussed above instep 191) are separated from each other along the first axis by asequence of separation distances having corresponding magnitudes (e.g.,a pattern or part of a pattern of certain separation distances), and themagnitudes of more than one separation distance from among the sequenceof separation distances are based on a phasor step θ and a phasormagnitude of at least one phasor. Furthermore, in an example, themagnitudes of more than one separation distance from among the sequenceof separation distances are further based on a phasor having at leastone carrier phasor step and at least one side band comprising at leastone positive side band component and at least one negative side bandcomponent. In addition, as an example the magnitudes of more than oneseparation distance from among the sequence of separation distancescomprise a pattern of translational shifts comprising a first horizontalcomponent of the at least one positive side band component and a secondhorizontal component of the at least one negative side band component.In an embodiment, the pattern of translational shifts is applied toadjacent first lines. In another embodiment, the pattern oftranslational shifts is applied to every other conductive line of thefirst lines. These embodiments, and any other steps and embodiments ofmethod 190, can be applicable to single-layer, dual-layer, or othermulti-layer touch sensor embodiments having one or more meshes ofconductive material.

At step 195, the mesh of conductive material is formed on a substrate.This disclosure contemplates any technique for forming the mesh, whichcan be formed on any substrate. In an embodiment, the mesh is configuredto extend across a display, or at least a portion of a display, (e.g.,display portion 20). In an embodiment, the mesh is designed according tosome or all of the previous steps of the method of FIG. 11. In anembodiment, additional techniques are be used before, concurrently,and/or after some or all of a phasor modulation technique is used. Forexample, randomizing the spacing of some or all of the first linesand/or the second lines, slightly modifying the shape of some or all ofthe first lines and or second lines (e.g., slightly curving some or allof the lines according to a sinusoidal function or any other function),or any other techniques may be used.

At step 196, a touch sensor is formed that includes the mesh. Thisdisclosure contemplates any technique for forming the touch sensor. Inan embodiment, the touch sensor is configured to extend across adisplay, or at least a portion of a display, (e.g., display portion 20).In an embodiment, the touch sensor includes a mesh that is designedaccording to some or all of the previous steps of the method of FIG. 11.

Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps ofthe method of FIG. 11 as occurring in a particular order, thisdisclosure contemplates any steps of the method of FIG. 11 occurring inany order. An embodiment can repeat or omit one or more steps of themethod of FIG. 11. In an embodiment, some or all of the steps of themethod of FIG. 10 can include or replace some or all of the steps of themethod of FIG. 11. In an embodiment, some or all of the steps of themethod of FIG. 11 can include or replace some or all of the steps of themethod of FIG. 10. Moreover, although this disclosure describes andillustrates particular components carrying out particular steps of themethod of FIG. 11, this disclosure contemplates any combination of anycomponents carrying out any steps of the method of FIG. 11.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example computer system (e.g., device 200),according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment,device 200 is any personal digital assistant, cellular telephone,smartphone, tablet computer, and the like. In one embodiment, device 200includes other types of devices, such as automatic teller machines(ATMs), home appliances, personal computers, and any other such devicehaving a touch screen. In the illustrated example, components of system100 are internal to device 200. Although this disclosure describes aparticular device 200 having a particular implementation with particularcomponents, this disclosure contemplates any device 200 having anyimplementation with any components.

A particular example of device 200 is a smartphone that includes ahousing 201 and a touch screen display 202 occupying a portion of asurface 204 of housing 201 of device 200. In an embodiment, housing 201is an enclosure of device 200, which contains internal components (e.g.,internal electrical components) of device 200. In an embodiment, touchsensor 11 is coupled, directly or indirectly, to housing 201 of device200. In an embodiment, touch screen display 202 occupies a portion orall of a surface 204 (e.g., one of the largest surfaces 204) of housing201 of device 200. Reference to a touch screen display 202 includescover layers that overlay the actual display and touch sensor elementsof device 200, including a top cover layer (e.g., a glass cover layer).In the illustrated example, surface 204 is a surface of the top coverlayer of touch screen display 202. In an embodiment, the top cover layer(e.g., a glass cover layer) of touch screen display 200 is consideredpart of housing 201 of device 200.

In one embodiment, the size of touch screen display 202 allows the touchscreen display 202 to present a wide variety of data, including akeyboard, a numeric keypad, program or application icons, and variousother interfaces. In one embodiment, a user interacts with device 200 bytouching touch screen display 202 with a stylus, a finger, or any otherobject in order to interact with device 200 (e.g., select a program forexecution or to type a letter on a keyboard displayed on the touchscreen display 202). In one embodiment, a user interacts with device 200using multiple touches to perform various operations, such as to zoom inor zoom out when viewing a document or image. In some embodiments, suchas home appliances, touch screen display 202 recognizes only singletouches.

In an embodiment, users interact with device 200 by physically impactingsurface 204 (or another surface) of housing 201 of device 200, shown asimpact 206, or coming within a detection distance of touch sensor 11using an object 208, such as, for example, one or more fingers, one ormore styluses, or other objects. In one embodiment, surface 204 is acover layer that overlies touch sensor array 12 and a display of device200.

Device 200 includes buttons 210, which when pressed, in an exampleembodiment, cause a processor to perform any function in relation to theoperation of device 200. As an example, one or more of buttons 210(e.g., button 210 b) may operate as a so-called “home button” that, atleast in part, indicates to device 200 that a user is preparing toprovide input to touch sensor 11 of device 200.

Herein, reference to a computer-readable non-transitory storage mediumor media can include one or more semiconductor-based or other integratedcircuits (ICs) (such, as for example, a field-programmable gate array(FPGA) or an application-specific IC (ASIC)), hard disk drives (HDDs),hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs),magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppydisk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs),RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards, SECURE DIGITAL drives, any othercomputer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media, or anycombination of two or more of these. A computer-readable non-transitorystorage medium or media can be volatile, non-volatile, or a combinationof volatile and non-volatile.

Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicatedotherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B”means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicatedotherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unlessexpressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,”unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.

The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions,variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodimentsdescribed or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill inthe art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited tothe example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover,although this disclosure describes and illustrates respectiveembodiments herein as including particular components, elements,functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may includeany combination or permutation of any of the components, elements,functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere hereinthat a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend.Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or systemor a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to,capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative toperform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system,component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated,turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or componentis so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, oroperative.

1. (canceled)
 2. A touch sensor, comprising: a first substrate; andfirst and second meshes configured to extend across a display, each ofthe first and second meshes having first lines of conductive materialthat are substantially parallel to each other, wherein: the first linesof the first mesh are configured to extend across at least a portion ofthe display at a first angle relative to a first axis; the first linesof the first mesh are separated from each other along the first axis bya sequence of separation distances; magnitudes of more than one of theseparation distances are based on a phasor comprising at least one sideband, wherein the at least one side band comprises at least one positivecomponent and at least one negative component; and the magnitudescomprise a pattern of translational shifts.
 3. The touch sensor of claim2, wherein: the first lines of the first mesh are adjacent to oneanother; and the pattern of translational shifts is applied to adjacentfirst lines of the first mesh.
 4. The touch sensor of claim 2, whereinthe pattern of translational shifts is applied to every other conductiveline of the first lines of the first mesh.
 5. The touch sensor of claim2, wherein: the phasor further comprises a phasor magnitude that iscalculated based on a subpixel pitch; and the pattern of translationalshifts is: normalized to one; multiplied by the phasor magnitude; andapplied to the first lines of the first mesh.
 6. The touch sensor ofclaim 2, wherein the pattern of translational shifts consists of about−1, about −0.62, about 0.62, and about
 1. 7. The touch sensor of claim2, wherein: the display comprises a plurality of pixels; each of thepixels has a first pixel pitch (PP_(x)) along the first axis; the firstpixel pitch is a distance between corresponding features of two adjacentpixels along the first axis; and the magnitudes are further based on thefirst pixel pitch.
 8. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the phasorincludes an even number of phasor steps and the pattern of translationalshifts includes a translational shift associated with each of the phasorsteps.
 9. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the first lines of thefirst mesh and the first lines of the second mesh are disposed in thesame layer.
 10. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the first lines ofthe first mesh and the first lines of the second mesh are disposed indifferent layers.
 11. The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the first andsecond meshes are disposed on a first side of the first substrate. 12.The touch sensor of claim 2, wherein the first and second meshes aredisposed on opposite sides of the first substrate.
 13. The touch sensorof claim 2, further comprising a second substrate, wherein the firstmesh is disposed on a first side of the first substrate and the secondmesh is disposed on a first side of the second substrate.
 14. A system,comprising: a display device comprising a plurality of pixels, eachpixel including a plurality of sub-pixels; and a touch sensorcomprising: a first substrate; and first and second meshes of conductivematerial configured to extend across the display device, each of thefirst and second meshes having first lines of conductive material thatare substantially parallel to each other, wherein: the first lines ofthe first mesh are configured to extend across at least a portion of thedisplay at a first angle relative to a first axis; the first lines ofthe first mesh are separated from each other along the first axis by asequence of separation distances; magnitudes of more than one of theseparation distances are based on a phasor comprising at least one sideband, wherein the at least one side band comprises at least one positivecomponent and at least one negative component; and the magnitudescomprise a pattern of translational shifts.
 15. The system of claim 14,wherein: the first lines of the first mesh are adjacent to one another;and the pattern of translational shifts is applied to adjacent firstlines of the first mesh.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the patternof translational shifts is applied to every other conductive line of thefirst lines of the first mesh.
 17. The system of claim 14, wherein: thephasor further comprises a phasor magnitude that is calculated based ona subpixel pitch; and the pattern of translational shifts is: normalizedto one; multiplied by the phasor magnitude; and applied to the firstlines of the first mesh.
 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the patternof translational shifts consists of about −1, about −0.62, about 0.62,and about
 1. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein: each pixel of theplurality of pixels has a first pixel pitch (PP_(x)) along the firstaxis; the first pixel pitch is a distance between corresponding featuresof two adjacent pixels along the first axis; and the magnitudes arefurther based on the first pixel pitch.
 20. The system of claim 14,wherein the phasor includes an even number of phasor steps and thepattern of translational shifts includes a translational shiftassociated with each of the phasor steps.
 21. The system of claim 14,wherein the first lines of the first mesh and the first lines of thesecond mesh are disposed in the same layer.
 22. The system of claim 14,wherein the first lines of the first mesh and the first lines of thesecond mesh are disposed in different layers.
 23. The touch sensor ofclaim 14, wherein the first and second meshes are disposed on a firstside of the first substrate.
 24. The touch sensor of claim 14, whereinthe first and second meshes are disposed on opposite sides of the firstsubstrate.
 25. The touch sensor of claim 14, further comprising a secondsubstrate, wherein the first mesh is disposed on a first side of thefirst substrate and the second mesh is disposed on a first side of thesecond substrate.
 26. A method, comprising: forming a touch sensor thatcomprises a first substrate and first and second meshes of conductivematerial configured to extend across a display, each of the first andsecond meshes having first lines of conductive material that aresubstantially parallel to each other, wherein: the first lines of thefirst mesh are configured to extend across at least a portion of thedisplay at a first angle relative to a first axis; the first lines ofthe first mesh are separated from each other along the first axis by asequence of separation distances; magnitudes of more than one of theseparation distances are based on a phasor comprising at least one sideband, wherein the at least one side band comprises at least one positivecomponent and at least one negative component; and the magnitudescomprise a pattern of translational shifts.
 27. The method of claim 26,wherein: the first lines of the first mesh are adjacent to one another;and the pattern of translational shifts is applied to adjacent firstlines of the first mesh.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the patternof translational shifts is applied to every other conductive line of thefirst lines of the first mesh.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein: thephasor further comprises a phasor magnitude that is calculated based ona subpixel pitch; and the pattern of translational shifts is: normalizedto one; multiplied by the phasor magnitude; and applied to the firstlines of the first mesh.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the patternof translational shifts consists of about −1, about −0.62, about 0.62,and about
 1. 31. The method of claim 26, wherein: the display comprisesa plurality of pixels; each of the pixels has a first pixel pitch(PP_(x)) along the first axis; the first pixel pitch is a distancebetween corresponding features of two adjacent pixels along the firstaxis; and the magnitudes are further based on the first pixel pitch. 32.The method of claim 26, wherein the first lines of the first mesh andthe first lines of the second mesh are disposed in the same layer. 33.The method of claim 26, wherein the first lines of the first mesh andthe first lines of the second mesh are disposed in different layers. 34.The touch sensor of claim 26, wherein the first and second meshes aredisposed on a first side of the first substrate.
 35. The touch sensor ofclaim 26, wherein the first and second meshes are disposed on oppositesides of the first substrate.
 36. The touch sensor of claim 26, furthercomprising a second substrate, wherein the first mesh is disposed on afirst side of the first substrate and the second mesh is disposed on afirst side of the second substrate.